Автореферат и диссертация по медицине (14.00.28) на тему:Реконструктивная хирургия брахиоцефальных артерий при хронической ишемии головного мозга

Оглавление

Список сокращений.

Введение

Глава 1. Обзор литературы.

1.1 Эпидемиология, патоморфология и патогенез стенозирующих поражений магистральных артерий головного мозга

1.2 Методы диагностики стенозирующих поражений и оценка резервных возможностей церебральной гемодинамики.

1.3 Исторические аспекты развития хирургического лечения стенозирующей и окклюзирующей патологии брахиоцефальных артерий.

1.4 Виды анестезии и методы защиты мозга.

1.5. Интраоперационный нейромониторинг

1.6. Осложнения реконструктивных операций на сонных артериях

1.7. Стенозирущие поражения артерий вертебро-базиллярного бассейна

Глава 2. Диагностика стенозирующих и окклюзирующих поражений магистральных артерий головного мозга.

2.1 .Клиническая оценка хронической церебральной ишемии.

2.2.Морфологическая и функциональная характеристика ишемических изменений головного мозга.

2.3. Выявление факторов риска.

2.4. Исследование состояния сосудистой системы головного мозга.

2.5. Методики обследований церебрального кровообращения.

Глава 3. Материал и методы.

Глава 4. Интраоперационный мультнмодальный нейромониторинг.

4.1. Транскраниальная допплерография.

4.2. Церебральная оксиметрия. 163 4.3.Электроэнцефалография.

4.4.Сопоставление данных различных модальностей интраоперационного мониторирования.

Глава 5. Хирургическое лечение.

5.1. Хирургические вмешательства на сонных артериях.

5.2. Хирургические вмешательства при патологических деформациях внутренних сонных артерий.

5.3. Хирургические вмешательства при постромботических окклюзиях внутренних сонных артерий.

5.4. Хирургические вмешательства на позвоночных артериях.

5.5. Этапное хирургическое лечение.

Глава 6. Результаты хирургического лечения.

6.1. Результаты операций на артериях каротидного бассейна.

6.2. Результаты реконструктивных операций на позвоночных артериях.

6.3. Использование операционного микроскопа.

6.4. Патоморфологическая характеристика атеросклеротических бляшек.

6.5. Оценка эффективности реконструктивных операций на брахиоцефальных артериях.

6.6. Осложнения хирургического лечения. 286 Заключение. 301 Выводы. 319 Список литературы. 322 Приложение №1. 369 Приложение №

Список сокращений.

ССВП - соматосенсорные вызванные потенциалы

ТКУЗДГ- транскраниальная ультразвуковая допплерография

JICK - линейная скорость кровотока

ЭЭГ - электроэнцефалография

ЦО - церебральная оксиметрия

KT - компьютерная ангиография

МРТ - магнитно-резонансная томография

МР-АГ или МРА - магнитно-резонансная ангиография

ЦДС - цветное дуплексное сканирование

ВСА -внутренняя сонная артерия

ОСА - общая сонная артерия

СМА - средняя мозговая артерия

ВВШ - временный внутрипросветный шунт

ПСА - передняя соединительная артерия

ЗСА - задняя соединительная артерия

НСА - наружная сонная артерия

ПзА - позвоночная артерия

ПкА - подключичная артерия

АД - артериальное давление

МК - мозговой кровоток

ОКМ - объем крови мозга

КЭА - каротидная эндартерэктомия

ИБС - ишемическая болезнь сердца

ОНМК - острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения

ХЦИ- хроническая церебральная ишемия

ETCS - European Trial of Carotid Surgery

NASCET- North American Simptomatic Endarterectomy Trial

NIHHSS - National Institute of Health Stroke Skale rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow) - региональный мозговой кровоток

1. Антонов Г.И.: Хирургическое лечение церебро-васкулярной патологии, обусловленной заболеванием ветвей дуги аорты. Автореф. дисс. д-ра мед. наук, С-Петербург, 1998.

2. Антонов И.П., Гитикина Л.С.: Вертербро-базилярные инсульты. Беларусь. 1977,240 стр.

3. Акимов Г.А.: Начальные проявления сосудистых заболеваний головного мозга. Л. ¡Медицина, 1983. 221 стр.

4. Ахметов В.В., Леменев В.В.: Выбор оптимальной техники реконструкции внутренней сонной артерии у больных с ишемией головного мозга. Тез. докл. 8 Всероссийского съезда серд.-сосуд. хирургов, Москва, 18-22 ноября, 2002 г. стр. 116

5. Баркаускас Э.М., Паулюкас П.А. и др.: Хирургическое лечение перегибов и петель брахиоцефальных артерий. Хирургия, 1986,12; 33-38

6. Бархатов Д.Ю., Джибладзе Д.Н., Никитин Ю.М.: Значение гемодинамических факторов при различных формах атеросклеротического поражения магистральных артерий головы.Ангиология и сосуд, хирургия, 1998,2,сс. 36-46

7. Беличенко О.И., Дадвани С.А. и др.: Магнитно-резонансная томография в диагностике цереброваскулярных заболеваний.-М.: Видар, 1998г.-112стр.

8. Беленков Ю.Н., Терновой С.К., Синицын В.Е.: Магнитно-резонансная томография сердца и сосудов.-М.:Видар, 1997г.-144 стр.

9. Белов Ю.В., Кузьмин А.Л. : Каротидная эндартерэктомия под местной анестезией у больных с изолированными множественными и сочетанными поражениями брахиоцефальных артерий. // Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия, 2002, Т. 8, N. 3, стр. 76-79.

10. Брагина Л.К. '.Особенности экстра-интракраниального кроообращения при окклюзирующем поражении артерий питающих мозг (ангиографическое изучение). Дисс. .докт.мед. наук М., 1974

11. Варакин Ю.Я.: Эпидемиологические аспекты острых нарушений мозгового кровообращения. // Автореф. дис. д-ра мед. наук, Москва, 1994.

12. Верещагин Н.В. : Патология магистральных артерий головы и нарушения мозгового кровообращения (аспекты морфологии, патогенеза, клиники и диагностики). Дисс. докт.мед.наук -М., 1974

13. Верещагин Н.В. и др. : Мозговое кровообращение. Современные методы исследования в клинической неврологии, Москва, 1993

14. Верещагин Н.В. : Патология вертебро-базилярной системы и нарушения мозгового кровообращения. М. Медицина, 1980

15. Верещагин Н.В., Бархатов Д.Ю., Джибладзе Д.И.: К проблеме оценки цереброваскулярного резерва при атеросклеротическом поражении сонных артерий. Журнал невр. и псих. им. С.С. Корсакова,2,1992

16. Верещагин Н.В. Варакин Ю.Я. : Регистры инсульта в России: результаты и методологические аспекты проблемы. Ж. инсульт., 1, 2001, сс.34-40

17. Власенко А.Г., Миловидов Ю.К., Борисенко В.В. Однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография головного мозга. Неврологический журнал, 1998, N. 4, Т. 3, стр. 47-53.

18. Власенко А.Г., Барон Ж., Дерлон М. Роль позитронной эмиссионной томографии в диагностике, лечении и прогнозировании исхода сосудистых заболеваний головного мозга. Неврологический журнал, 1998, N. 5, Т. 3, стр. 45-51.

19. Гайдар Б.В.: Методы исследования реактивности сосудов головного мозга в послеоперационном периоде. Вопросы пат. мозг, кровоб. в нейрохир. клин. -Л.1987, сс. 14-18

20. Гайдар Б.В., Дуданов И.П. и др.: Ультразвуковые методы исследования в диагностике поражений ветвей дуги аорты, Петрозаводск, 1994,71 стр.

21. Гельфенбейн М.С, Крылов В.В.: Современные подходы к диагностике и лечению геморрагических инсультов (по материалам XI Всемирного конгресса нейрохирургов, Амстердам, 1997). Неврологический журнал, 1998, N. 4, т. 3, стр. > -57.

22. Гельфенбейн М.С, Крылов В.В., Лебедев В.В. Экстра-интракраниальный микрососудистый анастомоз в лечении окклюзионных поражений цереброваскулярной системы. // Неврологический журнал, 1997, N. 4, стр. 23-27.

23. Гусев Е.И., Боголепов H.H., Бурд Г.С. : Сосудистые заболевания головного мозга. М.:Медицина, 1979, 143стр.

24. Гусев Е.И., Покровский A.B., Гехт О.Б. и др.: Компрессионный спектральный анализ ЭЭГ у больных с окклюзирующими поражениями магистральных сосудов головы. Ж. Невр. и психиатр., 1987,8, сс.1121-1126

25. Денисова Г.А.: Объемный мозговой кровток при гипертонической болезни. Дисс. канд.мед.наук, Москва, 2000

26. Джибладзе Д.Н.: Неврологические синдромы при патологии магистальных артерий головы. Дисс. докт.мед.наук,-Москва, 1984

27. Джибладзе Д.Н., Брагина Л.К.: Стенозы сонной артерии и нарушения мозгового кровообращения. Ж. невр. и псих., 1,1982,сс. 16-23

28. Джибладзе Д.Н., Никитин Ю.М., Покровский A.B. и др.: Значение структуры атеросклеротических бляшек и степени стеноза внутренней сонной артерии в клинике ишемических нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Ангиол. и сосуд, хир.,2,1997

29. Добжанский Н.В., Переседов В.В.: ЭИКМА с предварительной ЭАЭ из наружной сонной артерии при ишемических поражениях мозга. Ж. вопр. нейрохир.,1,1984,сс.44-46

30. Дуданов И.П., Цымлякова Л.С., Лашков Е.Г.: Варианты хирургической коррекции стенозирующих поражений позвоночной артерии. Тез. докл. 8 Всероссийского съезда серд.- сосуд, хирургов, Москва, 18-22 ноября, 2002 г. стр. 120

31. Д.Н. Джибладзе, А.А. Томилин, О.В. Лагода Детекция церебральной эмболии у больных с атеросклеротическими стенозами внутренних сонных артерий. Ангиология и сосудистая хиругия, 6,2:28-35,2000

32. Еремеев В.П.: Хирургическое лечение патологических извитостей, перегибов и петель сонных артерий. Анг. и сосуд, хир., 1998;2;82-94

33. Злотник Э.И.: Анастомоз конец в конец между ПВА и СМА. Здравоохранение Белоруссии, Минск,т.6,1980, сс. 42-44

34. Золотухин С.П.: Влияние экстра-интракраниального микроанастомоза на церебральную гемодинамику у больных с односторонним тромбозом внутренней сонной артерии. Дисс. . канд.мед.наук,-М., 1992

35. Ионова В.Г., Суслина З.А. Реологические свойства крови при ишемических нарушениях мозгового кровообращения. Неврологический журнал, 2002, N. 3, т. 7, стр. 4-10.

36. Исайкин А.И., Яхно H.H.: Вертебробазилярная недостаточность. РМЖ,т.9 л.25,2001

37. Казанчян И.О. и др.: Диагностика и лечение патологической извитости сонных артерий. Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия 2001;7л»2:93-103

38. Казанчян ПО, Попов В.А. и др.: Показания к одномоментной реконструкции подключичной и позвоночной артерий. Тез. докл. 8 Всероссийского съезда серд.-сосуд. хирургов, Москва, 18-22 ноября, 2002 г. стр. 121

39. Казанчян П.О., Попов В.А, Ларьков Р.Н. с соавт. Сравнительная оценка классической и эверсионной методик каротидной эндартерэктомии. // Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия, 2002, Т. 8, N. 3, стр. 81-86.

40. Клоссовский Б.Н., Космарская E.H., Ганнушкина И.В.: Общие принципы коллатерального кровообращения в мозгу при включении экстра и интракраниальных сосудов. Вестник АМН СССР,6,1967; 19-22

41. Колтовер А.Н., Верещагин Н.В. и др.: Патологическая анатомия нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Москва,1975,253стр.

42. Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В.Н.: Компьютерная томография в нейрохирургической клинике. Москва, Медицина, 1985

43. Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В.Н., Пронин И.Н.: Магнитнорезонансная томография в нейрохирургической клинике. Москва, Видар, 1997

44. Коновалов А.Н., Филатов Ю.М., Шахнович А.Р. и др.: Клинико-ангиографическая оценка результатов ЭИКМА у больных с ишемическими поражениями головного мозга. Хирургическое лечение ишемии головного мозга. Рига,1987;39-47

45. Коновалова Е.В., Кугоев А.И., Борисенко В.В. Изменение мозгового кровотока по данным однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии у больных с глубинными сосудистыми очагами. Неврологический журнал, 2000, N. 4, Т. 5, стр. 13-19.

46. Копосов A.C., Осетров A.C., Тихомирова Т.И. Принципы организации ангионеврологической службы. Неврологический журнал, 1999, N. 2, Т. 4, стр. 49-51.

47. Кунцевич Г.И.: Оценка кровотока в артериях мозга ультразвуковыми методами на этапах хирургического лечения окклюзирующих поражений брахиоцефальных артерий. Дисс. докт.мед.наук,-М., 1992

48. Куперберг Е.Б. : Клиника, диагностика и неврологические показания к хирургическому лечению больных с атеросклеротическим поражением ветвей дуги аорты. Дисс. докт.мед.наук,-М., 1988

49. Лебедев В.В. и др.: Проблемы хирургического лечения ишемических инсультов в бассейне сонных артерий. Ж. вопр. нейрохир.,3,1984;53-61

50. Лубнин А.Ю., Дерлон Ж.-М. Синдром церебральной гиперперфузии после операции каротидной эндартерэктомии (описание наблюдения и обзор литературы). Вопросы нейрохирургии им. H.H. Бурденко, 1998, N. 4, стр. 40-45.

51. Лунев Д.К., Покровский A.B., Никитин Ю.М. и др.: Нарушения мозгового кровообращения при различных вариантах подключичного стил-синдрома. Журн. невр. и псих.,91л>1, 1991; 10-14

52. Лелюк В.Г., Лелюк С.Э.: Ультразвуковая ангиология. Реальное время, 1999

53. Лелюк С.Э. ¡Состояние цереброваскулярного резерва у больных с сочетанием атеросклеротической патологии МАГ. Дисс. .канд.мед.наук, Москва, 1996

54. Леменев В.Л. и др. Дифференциальный подход к технике реконструкции внутренней сонной артерии у больных с ишемией головного мозга. Материалы 6 всероссийского съезда сердечнососудистых хирургов, л>2,2000

55. Митрошин Г.Е. и др. Показания к применению временного внутрипросветного шунта при каротидной эндартерэктомии 2000; Материалы 6 всероссийского съезда сердечно-сосудистых хирургов, л>2, 2000

56. Маят B.C. и др.: Хирургия сонных артерий. Москва, Медицина, 1968, 271 стр.

57. Мухаммад Х.З.: Показания и результаты реконструкции наружной сонной артерии у больных с окклюзией внутренней сонной артерии. Дисс. . канд.мед.наук, Москва, 1990

58. Никитин Ю.М.: Ультразвуковая допплерография в диагностике поражений магистральных артерий головы и основания мозга, Москва, 1995

59. Никитин Ю.М.: Ультразвуковая диагностика. Москва, 1998

60. Одинак М.М., Кузнецов А.Н¡Сосудистая патология нервной системы, С.-Петербург, 1998

61. Паулюкас П.А., Мацкевичус З.К. и др.: Изменения внутренней сонной артерии при ее петлеобразных изгибах и их клиническое значение. Хирургия. 1989;9:47-51

62. Петровский Б.В. и др.: Хирургия ветвей дуги аорты. Москва, Медицина, 1970

63. Покровский A.B.: Заболевания аорты и ее ветвей. Москва. 1978г., 328с.

64. Покровский A.B. : Классическая каротидная эндартерэктомия. Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия 2001 ;7т 1:101 -106

65. Покровский A.B. : Эверсионная каротидная эндартерэктомия. Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия 2001;7т2:105-107

66. Покровский A.B. : Клиника и диагностика окклюзирующих поражений ветвей дуги аорты. Вестник АМН СССР, 1977г., 6, сс.40-47.

67. Покровский A.B., Кованева P.A., Грозовский Ю.Л. Реконструктивная хирургия экстракраниальных артерий головного мозга. // Вестник АМН СССР, 1983г., 1, с.52-61.

68. Работников B.C. с соавторами.: Диагностика и методы хирургического лечения окклюзий ветвей дуги аорты при мозговой сосудистой недостаточности// Вестник АМН СССР, 6, сс.88-94w-eAta

69. Свистов Д.В. Хирургическое лечение атеросклеротических поражений артерий каротидного бассейна. // Интернет, 2001

70. Стулин И.Д., Тардов М.В. Транскраниальная церебральная оксиметрия. Неврологический журнал, 1997, N. 6, стр. 51-53.

71. Танашян М.М., Суслина З.А., Ионова В.Г. Гемореология и гемостаз у больных с ишемическим инсультом при различной степени поражения магистральных артерий головы. Неврологический журнал, 2001, N. 6, Т. 6, стр. 17-21.

72. Тодуа Ф.И., М.В. Берая и др. Изучение состояния сонных артерий с помощью MP-ангиографии и дуплексного сканирования у больных с нарушениями мозгового кровообращения. Ангиология и сосудистоя хирургия 5(1):50-55, 1999

73. Филатов Ю.М., Шахнович А.Р., и др. Влияние экстра-интракраниальных анастомозов на эволюцию стенозов в системе внутренней сонной артерии. Ж. вопр. нейрохир.,4,1985;сс.8-14

74. Шахнович А.Р., Шахнович В.А.: Диагностика нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Ассоциация книгоиздателей, 1996

75. Шахнович В.А. : Ишемия мозга, нейросонология. ACT, Москва, 2002г.- 305 стр.

76. Широков Е.А. Коррекция нарушений гомеостаза при острых повреждениях мозга. Неврологический журнал, 1998, N. 3, Т. 3, стр. 2124.

77. Шмидт Е.В.: Стеноз и тромбоз сонных артерий и нарушения мозгового кровообращения. М., Медгиз, 1963г.

78. Шмидт Е.В.: К проблеме сочетанных атеросклеротических окклюзирующих поражений в каротидной и ветебро-базилярной системах, в кн.: Сосудистая патология головного мозга. М., 1966,191с.

79. Шмидт Е.В. // Сосудистые заболевания нервной системы // М.1975

80. Шпрах В.В., Стародубцев A.B., Синьков A.B. Вызванные потенциалы головного мозга в диагностике ранних форм цереброваскулярной патологии. Неврологический журнал, 2000, N. 2, Т. 5, стр. 25-28.

81. Slavin К., Dujovny М. Clinical experience with transcranial cerebral oxymetry. Surg. Neurology, 1994, V. 42, p. 531 540.

82. Aaslid R, Markwalder TM: Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J.Neurosurg. 1982; 57:769-74

83. Aaslid R: Developments and principles of transcranial Doppler. In Newell DW Transcranial Doppler, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1-8

84. Aaslid R, Lindegaard KF et al.: Cerebral autoregulation dynamics in humans. Stroke;20:45-52,1989

85. Aburahma A., Robinson P., Short Y. Management options for post carotid endarterectomy stroke // J. Cardiovasc. Surg., 1996, V. 37, p. 331 336. 30

86. AbuRahma A., Robinson P., Mullins D. Frequency of postoperative carotid duplex surveillance and type of closure: results from a randomized trial. //J. Vase. Surg. 2000; 32: 1043-1051.

87. AbuRahma AF, P.A. Robinson, D.L. Strieker et al.: Proposed new duplex classification for threshold stenoses used in various symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy trials. Ann Vase Surg 12:349-358,1998.

88. Ackerstaff RG, Jansen С et al.: Carotid endarterectomy intraoperative emboli detection. Echocardiography: A Jrnl of CV Ultrasound and Allied Tech.,13:543-50

89. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke Council, American Heart Association. // Stroke, 1994, V. 25, p. 1901 -1914.

90. Alien GS, Preziosi TJ: Carotid endarterectomy: A prospective study of its efficacy and safety. Medicine (Baltimore) 60:298-309,1981.

91. Amantini A, Bartelli M, et al.: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurol 239:241-247,1992.

92. Amantini A, de Scisciolo C, Bartelli M et al.: Selective shunting based on somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Int Angiol 6:387-390,1987.

93. Andersen CA, Collins GJ, Rich NM: Routine operative arteriography during carotid endarterectomy: A reassessment. Surgery 83:67-73,1978.

94. Andersen CA, Rich NM, Collins GJ, McDonald PT, Boone SO Unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion: Special considerations. Stroke 8:669-671, 1977.

95. Archie JP: Hemodynamics of carotid back pressure and cerebral flow during endarterectomy. J Surg Res 23:223-232,1977.

96. Archie JP, Feldtman RW: Determinants of cerebral perfusion pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 117:319-322, 1982.

97. Archie JP : The endarterectomy-produced carotid artery step: a harbinger of early emboli and late restenosis. // J. Vase. Surg., 1996, V. 23, p. 112 120.

98. Ausman J., McCormick P. Cerebral oxygen metabolism during hypotermic circulatory arrest in humans. J. Neurosurgery, 1993, V. 79, p. 810815.

99. Ausman J, Diaz FG: Critique of the extracranial-intracranial bypass study. Surg Neurol; 26:218-221,1986

100. Ausman JI, Shrontz CE, Pearce JE et al. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency. A review. Arch Neurol 1985;42:803-808.

101. Awad IA Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: current indications and techniques. In Cerebrovascular occlusive disease and brain ishemia. Neurosurgical topics. IA Awad, editor. AANS publications; pp 215-230,1992

102. Back M., Harward T., Huber T. et al. Improving the cost-effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1997, V. 26, p. 456 464. 31

103. Baker WH, Dorner DB, Barnes RW: Carotid endarterectomy: Is an indwelling shunt necessary? Surgery 82:321-326,1977.

104. Baker JD, Gluecklich B, Watson CW, et al.: An evaluation of electroencephalographic monitoring for carotid study. Surgery 78:787-794,1975.

105. Baker WH, Littooy FN, Hayes AC, Dorner DB, Stubbs D: Carotid endarterectomy without a shunt: The control series. J Vase Surg 1:50-56, 1984.

106. Baker WH, Rodman JA, Barnes RW, Hoyt JL: An evaluation of hypocarbia and hypercarbia during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 7:451-454,1976.

107. Balotta E., Giau G., Saladini M. et al. Carotid endarterectomy with patch closure versus carotid eversion endarterectomy and reimplantation: a prospective randomized study. // Surgery, 1999, V. 30, p. 381-385.

108. Baptista M., Maeder P., Dewarrat A. et al. Conflicting images. // Lancet, 1998, V. 351, p. 414.

109. Barnett H. Stroke prevention by surgery for symptomatic disease in carotid territory. // Neurol. Res., 1992, V. 10, N. 1, p. 281-292.

110. Barnett H. Et al., The dilemma of surgical treatment for patients with asymptomatic carotid disease. // Ann. Item. Med., 1995, V. 123, N. 9, p 723725.

111. Barnett H., Eliasziw M., Meldrum H. et al. Do the facts and figures warrant a 10-fold increase in the performance of carotid endarterectomy on asymptomatic patients? // Neurology, 1996, V. 46, p. 603 608.

112. Barnett H., Gunton R., Eliasziw M. et al. The causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. // JAMA, 2000, V. 283, p. 1429 1436.

113. Barrow D.L., Mizuno J. Carotid endarterectomy: technical aspects and perioperative management. // In: Awad I.A. ed. Cerebrovascular occlusive disease and brain ishemia. Chicago: Am. Association of neurological surgeons, 1992, p. 162-185.

114. Barrow D.L., Mizuno J. Carotid endarterectomy: technical aspects and perioperative management. In: Awad I.A. ed. Cerebrovascular occlusive disease and brain ishemia. Chicago: Am. Association of neurological surgeons, 1992, p. 162-185.

115. Becqueminn JP, Paris E et al.: Carotid surgery. Is regional anesthesia always appropriate? J Cardiovasc Surg;32:592-598,1991

116. Beebe HG, Pearson JM, Coatsworth JJ: Comparison of carotid artery stump pressure and EEG monitoring in carotid endarterectomy. Am Surg 44:655-660, 1978.

117. Benavente O., Moher D., Pham B. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. // BMJ, 1998, V. 317, p. 1477 -1480.

118. Benichou H, Bergeron P, Ferdani M, et al.: Pre- and intraoperative transcranial Doppler: Prediction and surveillance of tolerance to carotid clamping. Ann Vase Surg 5:21-25, 1991.

119. Benoit BG, Navavi NL: The routine use of intraluminal shunting in carotid endarterectomy. Can J Neurol Sei 5:339,1978.

120. Bergeron P, Benichou H, Rudondy P, et al.: Stroke prevention during carotid surgery in high risk patients (value of transcranial Doppler and local anesthesia). J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 32:713-719,1991. 32

121. Berguer R. Distal vertebral artery bypass: Technique, the occipital connection, and potential uses. Ann Vase Surg 1985;2(2):621-626.

122. Berguer R, Bauer RB. Vertebral artery reconstruction: A successful technique in selected patients. Ann Surg 1981; 193: 441-447.

123. Berguer R. Selection of patients, choice of surgical technique, and results of vertebral artery reconstruction. In: Berguer R, Bauer R, eds. Vertebrobasilar Arterial Occlusive Disease. New York: Raven Press, 1984, pp 297-303.

124. Berguer R, Kiefer E: Surgery of the arteries to the head. Springer-Verlag,New York Inc. 236p., 1992

125. Bernstein E., Torem S., Dilley R. Does carotid restenosis predict an increased risk of late symptoms, stroke or death? // Ann. Surg., 1990, V. 212, p. 629 637.

126. Bernstein M, Fleming JFR et al.: Cerebral hyperperfiision after carotid endarterectomy: a cause of cerebral hemmorage. Neurosurgery;15:50-56,1984

127. Biller J, Adams HP Jr, Boarini D, et al.: Intraluminal clot of the carotid artery. Surg Neurol 25:467-477, 1986.

128. Blaisdell FW: Routine operative arteriography following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 83:114-115, 1978.

129. Blaisdell FW, Lim R, Hall AD: Technical result of carotid endarterectomy: Artériographie assessment. Am J Surg 114:239-246, 1967.

130. Blakeley D. et al., Noninvasiv carotid artery testing. // Ibid, 1996, V. 122, N. 5, p. 360-367.

131. Bland JE, Lazar ML: Carotid endarterectomy without shunt. Neurosurgery 8:153-157,1981.

132. Blume WT, Ferguson GG, McNeill DK: Significance of EEG changes at carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 17:891-897,1986.

133. Boysen G: Cerebral blood flow measurement as a safeguard during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke; 2:1-10,1971.

134. Boysen G, Ladegaard-Pedersen HG, Henriksen H, Olesen J, Paulson OB, Engeil HC: The effect of PaC02, on regional cerebral blood flow and internalcarotid arterial pressure during carotid clamping. Anesthesiology 35:286-300, 1971.

135. Brittenden J., Murie J., Jenkins A. Carotid endarterectomy before and after publication of randomized controlled trials. // British Journal of Surgery, 1999, 86, 206-210.

136. Browman MW, Cooperberg PL et al. : Duplex ultrasound criteria for internal carotid stenosis >70% diameter: angiographic correlation and ROC curve analysis. Can Assoc Radiol J 1995;46:291-29

137. Buchan A, Gates P, Pelz D, Barnett HJM: Intraluminal thrombus in the cerebral circulation: Implications for surgical management. Stroke 19:681-698, 1988.

138. Calaitges J., Kashyap A., Annest S. Eversion carotid endarterectomy: a safe, advantageous alternative to conventional carotid endarterectomy. // Vase. Surg., 1996, V. 30, p. 381-395.

139. Callow AD, Matsumoto G, Baker D, et al.: Protection of the high risk carotid endarterectomy patient by nitinuous electroencephalography. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 19:55-64, 1978

140. Cao P., Giordano G., DeRanngo P. A randomized study on eversion versus standard carotid endarterectomy: study design and preliminary results: the Everest Trial. // J. Vase. Surg., 1998, V. 27, p. 595-605.

141. Cao P., Giordano G., DeRanngo P. Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy: late results of a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial. // J. Vase. Surg., 2000, V. 31, p. 19-30. 33

142. Caplan LR, Teltenborn B. Embolism in the posterior circulation. In: Berguer R, Caplan LR, eds. Vertebrobasilar Arterial Disease. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1992, pp 52- 65.

143. Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT. Determination of duplex Doppler ultrasound criteria appropriate to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 1996;27:695-9.

144. Castaigne P, Lhermitte F, Guatier JC, et al. Arterial occlusions in the vertebro-basilar system. A study of 44 patients with post-mortem data. Brain 1973;96:1333-1354.

145. Cerebral Ishemic Disease and Morphometric Analyses of Carotid Plaques Annals of Vascular Surgery 13:466-474,1999

146. Chalmers J., MacMahon S., Anderson C. Clinician's manual on blood pressure and stroke prevention. Second edition., London., Science Press., 2000., 78 p.

147. Chambers B., Smidt U., Koh O. Hyperperfusion post-endarterectomy. // Cerebrovasc. Dis., 1994, V, 4, p. 32 37.

148. Cheanvechai V, Bejamin ME et al.: Cerebrovascular anatomy is not predictive of cerebral ishemia during carotid endarterectomy. 27 Global: Vascular and endovascular issues, techniques and horizons, 1998

149. Chen JC, A.J. Salvian, D.C. Taylor et al. : Predictive ability of duplex ultrasonography for internal carotid artery stenosis of 70%-99%: a comparative study. Ann Vase Surg 12:244-247,1998.

150. Chiappa KH, Burke SR, Young RR: Results of electroencephalographic monitoring during 367 carotid endarterectomies: Use of a dedicated minicomputer. Stroke 10:381-388, 1979.

151. Chiappa KH, Young RR: Carotid endarterectomy monitoring with a dedicated minicomputer. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 43:518, 1977.

152. Chiappa KH, Young RR, Jones TH, Crowell RM, Ojemann RG: The usefulness of EEG monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Neurology 28:341,1978.

153. Cioffi FA, Meduri M, Tomasello F, et al.:Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery: clinical statistical observations and surgical perspectives. Neurosurg Sci 19:15-22,1975.

154. Clagett C., Robinowitz M., Youckley J. Morphogenesis and clinico-pathologic characteristics of recurrent carotid disease. // J. Vase. Surg., 1986, V.3,p. 10-23.

155. Comerota A., Eze A. Intraoperative high-dose regional urokinase influsion for cerebrovascular occlusion after carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1996, V. 24, p. 1008 1016.

156. Connolly JE, Kwaan JHM, Stemmer EA: Improved results with carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg 186:334-342, 1977.

157. Corkill G, French BN, Michas C, Cobb CA, Mims TJ. External carotid-vertebral artery anastamosis for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Surg Neurol 1977;7:109-115.

158. Cormier JM, Laurian C. Surgical management of vertebralbasilar insufficiency. International Surg. 1976;61:203-212.

159. Cosgrove DM, Hertzer NR, Loop FD: Surgical management of synchronous carotid and coronary artery disease. J Vase Surg 3:690-692, 1986.

160. Counsell C., Salinas R., Nay lor R. A systematic review of the randomized trials of carotid patch angioplasty in carotid endarterectomy. // European Journal of Endovasc. Surg., 1997, V. 13, p. 345 354.

161. Coyle KA, Smith RB III, Chapman RL, et al.: Carotid artery shortening: a safe adjunct to carotid endarterectomy. Vase Surg 22:257-263,1995.

162. Day AL, Rhoton AL, Quisling RG: Resolving siphon stenosis following endarterectomy. Stroke 11:278-281,1980.

163. Dahl A, Rüssel D et al.: A comparison of regional cerebral blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities: simultaneous measurements in healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab; 12:1049-1054, 1992

164. Davis DA: Intraoperative transcranial doppler monitoring in carotid endarterectomy. In Bailes JE and Spetzler RF Microsurgical carotid endarterectomy. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 89-103,1996

165. Darling R., Paty P., Shah D. et al. Eversion endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery: technique and results in 449 procedures. // Surgery, 1996, V. 120, p. 635-640.

166. De Letter JAM, Moll FL, Welten RJT, Eikelboom AN, Ackerstaff RGA, Vermuelen FE, Algra A: Benefits of carotid patching: A prospective randomized study with long-term follow-up. Ann Vase Surg 8:54-58,1993.

167. Deriu GP, D. Milite, N. Damiani et al. : Carotid endarterectomy without angiography: a prospective randomized pilot study. Eur J Vase Surg 20:250253,2000.

168. De Vleeschauwer P, Horsch S, Matamoros R: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials in carotid surgery: Results, usefulness, and limitations of the method. Ann Vase Surg 2:63-68, 1988.

169. De Backey M., Crawford E., Cooley D. et al. Surgical considerations of occlusive desease of innominate, carotid, subclavian and vertebral arteries. // Ann. Surg. 1959, V. 149, p. 670-710.

170. De Bakey M. Successful carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Nineteen-Year follow up. // JAMA, 1975, V. 233, p. 1083 -1085.

171. Debray JM, Baud JM et al:. Consensus concerning the morphology and the risk of carotid plaques. Cerebrovasc Dis, 7:289 296, 1997

172. Diaz F., Ausman J. The EC-IC bypass study: does it answer the question? // Henry Ford Hosp. Med. J., 1986, V. 43, N. 1, p. 75-77.

173. Drevet D, Russier S, Age B, Lepine PM, Zabot JM, Joffre P. Evaluation of Doppler ultrasound, helical CT, magnetic resonance angiography in detection of atherosclerotic carotid bifurcation with artériographie comparison. J Radiol 1997; 78:1271-7.

174. Dolan JG,Mushlin AI : Hypertension, vascular headaches and seizures after carotid endarterectomy: Case report and therapeutic considerations. Arch Intern Med; 144:1489-1491,1984

175. Dueber C, Klose KJ, Kopp H, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for occlusion of the subclavian artery: Short and long-term results. Cardiovasc. Intervent Radiol 1992;15: 205-210.

176. Eastcott H., Pickering G., Rob C. Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia. // Lancet, 1954, V. 2, p. 994 996.

177. Edwards WH, Mulherin JL Jr. The surgical reconstruction of the proximal subclavian and vertebral artery. Ann Vase Surg 1985;2(4):634-639.

178. Edwards WH Jr, Tapper SS, Edwards WH Sr, et al. Subclavian revascularization. A quarter century experience. Ann Surg 1994;219(6):673-678.

179. Eliasziw M., Spence J., Barnett H. Carotid endarterectomy does not affect long-term blood pressure: observations from the NASCET. // Cerebrovasc. Dos., 1998, V. 8, p. 20 24.

180. Eliasziw M, Streifler JY, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, Ferguson GG, Barnett HJM: Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with highgrade carotid stenosis. Stroke 25:304-308, 1994.

181. Elmore JR, D.P. Franklin et al. : Carotid endarterectomy: the mandate for high quality duplex. Ann Vase Surg 12:156-162,1998.

182. Eltrozy T, Nicolaides A et al.: . The objective characterisation of ultrasonic carotid plaque features. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg,16:223230 ,1998

183. El Bargkhouty, Nicolaoides A et al.: The identification of the high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg, 11:470-478,1996

184. Ernst E. Haemorheology, cardiovascular risk factors and disease. J. Intern. Angiol., 1996, V. 15, N.2, Supple. 1, p. 36-40.

185. Erwin D, Pick MJ, Taylor GW: Anaesthesia for carotid artery surgery. Anaesthesia 35:246-249, 1980.

186. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. (ECST). // Lancet, 1998, V. 351, p. 1379- 1387.

187. European Carotid Plaque Study Group. Carotid artery plaque composition. Relationship to clinical presentation and ultrasound B-mode imaging. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg ,10:2330,1995

188. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. // JAMA, 1995, V. 273, p. 1421 1428.

189. Faught E: Current role of electroencephalography in cerebral ishemia. Stroke; 1993,24:609-13

190. Feely TM, Leen EJ et al.: Histologic characteristics of carotid artery plaque. J Vase Surg, 13:719724,1991

191. Fearns SJ, McCollum CN: Shortening and reimplantation for tortuous internal carotid arteries. Vase Surg 27:936-939,1998.

192. Ferguson GG: Extracranial carotid artery surgery. Clin Neurosurg 29:543-574, 1982.

193. Ferguson GG: Intraoperative monitoring and internal shunt: Are they necessary in carotid endarterectomy? Stroke 13:287-289, 1982.

194. Ferguson GG: Carotid endarterectomy: Indications and surgical technique. Int Anesthesiol Clin 22:113-121, 1984.

195. Ferguson GG: Shunt almost never. Int Anesthesiol Clin 22:147-152, 1984.

196. Ferguson GG: Carotid endarterectomy: To shunt or not to shunt? Arch Neurol 43:615-617, 1986.

197. Ferguson GG., Eliasziw M., Barr H. et al. The North American SymptomaticjCarotid Endarterectomy Trial Surgical results in 1415 patients. // Stroke, 1999, V. 30, p. 1751 1758.

198. Fields WS, Lemak NA: Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion: X-Internal carotid artery occlusion. JAMA 235:2734-2738, 1976.

199. Findlay J.M. Carotid endarterectomy. Strategies in Neurological Surgery, 1995, V. 3,N. 2, p. 123-126

200. Findlay JM, Lougheed WM: Carotid microendarterectomy. Neurosurgery 32:792-798, 1993.

201. Fisher WS, Morawetz RB: Technique of regional cerebral blood flow measurement and relationshipof rCBF to other monitoring methods. In Loftus CM Intraoperative monitoring techniques in neurosurgery. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York, pp.9-17

202. Fode N., Sundt T., Robertson J. Multicenter retrospective review of results and complications of carotid endarterectomy in 1981. // Stroke, 1986; V. 17, p. 370 -375.

203. Folsom A., Rosamond W., Shahar E. Prospective study of markers of hemostatic function with risk of ischemic stroke. The atherosclerosis risk in communities study in investigator. Circulation, 1999, V. 17, N. 8, p. 736-742.

204. Ford JJ, Baker WH, Ehrenhaft JL. Carotid endarterectomy for non hemispheric transient ischemic attacks. Arch Surg 1975; 110:1314-1317.

205. Forssel C et al.: Local versus general anesthesia in carotid surgery. A prospective randomised stude. Eur J Vase Surg;3:503-509,1989

206. Fourcade HE, Larson CP, Ehrenfeld WK, et al.: The effects of C02 and systemic hypertension on cerebral perfusion pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 33:383-390, 1970.

207. Frawley JE, Hicks RG: Thiopental sodium cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy: perioperative disease and death. J Vase Surg; 19:7328,1994

208. Gaines P. Carotid angioplasty. // Vase. Med., 1996, V. 1, p. 121 -124.

209. Gaunt M., Naylor A., Ball P. Preventing strokes associated with carotid endarterecromy: detection of embolisation by transcranial Doppler monitoring. // Eur. J. Vase. Endovasc. Surg., 1997, V. 14, p. 1 -3.

210. Gautier PE, Baele PL, Guerit JM, Kestens-Sorvaye Y: Changes in somatosensory evoked responses during carotid endarterectomy related to head position. Anesth Analg 73:649-652,1991.1991.

211. Gelb AW: Anesthetic considerations for carotid endarterectomy. Int Anesthesiol Clin 22:153-164,1984.

212. Gelb AW: Anesthetic considerations for carotid endarterectomy. Int Anesthesiol Clin 22:153-164, 1984.

213. Georgiadis D, Grosset DG, Lees KR: Transhcmispheric passage of microcmboli in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 24:1664-1666,1993.

214. Gerraty RP, Gates PC, Doyle JC: Carotid stenosis and periopera-tive stroke risk in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients undergoing vascular or coronary surgery. Stroke 24:1115-1118,1993.

215. Geroulakos G, Nicolaides A et al.: Ultrasonic carotid plaque characterisation and the risk of cerebral infarction on computed tomography. J Vase Surg, 20:263 266,1994

216. Giannotta SL, Dicks RE, Kindt GW: Carotid endarterectomy: Technical improvements. Neurosurgery 7:309-312, 1980.

217. Goldstein L., McCrory D., Landsman P et al. Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for carotid endarterectomy in patients with ipsilateral symptoms. // Stroke, 1994, V. 25, p. 1116 1121.

218. Goldstein L., Moore W., Robertson J. et al. Complication rates for carotid endarterectomy: a call to action. // Stroke, 1997, V. 28, p. 889 890.

219. Golledge J., Cuming R., Beattle D. et al. Influence of patient-related variables on the outcome of carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1996, V. 24, p. 120- 126. 37

220. Golledge J., Cuming R., Beattle D. et al. Clinical follow-up rather than duplex surveillance after carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1997, V. 25, p. 55-63.

221. Golledge J., Mitchell A., Greenhalgh R. et al. Systematic comparison of the early outcome of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid artery disease. // Stroke, 2000, V. 31, p. 1439 1443.

222. Gomez CR: Carotid plaque morphology and risk for stroke. Stroke 21:148-151, 1990.

223. Gortler M, Goldmann A, Mohr W, Widder B. Tissue characterisation of atherosclerotic carotid plaques by MRI. Neuroradiology 1995;37:631-5.

224. Grant EG, Duerinckx AJ. Noninvasive diagnosis of carotid stenosis: technique, normal anatomy, and new observations in light of the NASCET study. RSNA Categorical Course in Vascular Imaging, 1998; p. 211-21.

225. Graor RA, Hertzer NR: Management of coexistent carotid artery and coronary artery disease. Curr Concepts Cerebrovasc Dis Stroke 23:19-23, 1988.

226. Green R., McNainara J., Ouriel K. et al. The clinical course of residual carotid arterial disease. // J. Vase. Surg., 1991, V. 13, p. 112-120.

227. Green R., Greenberg R., Illig K. Eversion endarterectomy of the carotid artery: technical considerations and recurrent stenosis. // Journal of vascular surgery, 2000, V. 32, p. 1052- 1061

228. Green RM: Angiographic and clinical correlates of shunt requirements during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 13:120, 1982.

229. Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC et al.: Carotid artery atheroma: Comparison of preoperative B-mode ultra sound appearence with carotid endarterectomy specimen patho- logy. J Cardiovasc Surg, 29:676 681,1988

230. Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC et al. Carotid artery atheroma: comparison of preoperative B-mode ultrasound appearance with carotid endarterectomy speciment pathology J. Cardiovasc Surg 29:676 681,1988

231. Gross CE, Adams HP, Sokoll MD, Yamada T: Use of anticoagulants, electroencephalographic monitoring, and barbiturate cerebral protection in carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 9:1-5,1981.

232. Halliday A., D., Mansfield A. The asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST). Rationale and desigh. Steering Committee. // Eur. J. Vase. Surg., 1994, V. 8, p. 703 -710.

233. Halsey JH: Risks and benefits of shunting in carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 23:1583-1587,1992.

234. Halsey JH, McDowell HA, Selman S: Transcranial Doppler and rCBF compared in carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 17:1206-1208,1986.

235. Halsey JH, McDowell HA et al.: Blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery and regional blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke;20:53-58, 1989

236. Humphries AW, Young JR, Beven EG, et al. Relief of vertebrobasilar symptoms by carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 1965;57:48-52.

237. Hankey J., Warlow C. The prognosis of hospital-referred transient ischaemic attacks. // J. ofNeurol. Neuroserg. Psych., 1991, V. 54, p. 793 802.

238. Hankey C., Warlow C. Cost-effective investigation of patients with suspected transient ischaemic attacks. // J/ Neutol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1992, V. 55, p. 171 176.

239. Harbaugh R. Developing a neurosurgical carotid endarterectomy practice. // Surg. Neurol., 1996, V. 46, p. 545 548.

240. Harris EJ, Brown WH, Pavy RN, Anderson WW, Stone DW: Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 62:441-447, 1967.

241. Harper AM et al.: The influence of sympathetic nervous activity on cerebral blod flow. Arch Neurol;27:l-6, 1972

242. Haupt WF, Horsch S: Evoked potential monitoring in carotid surgery: A review of 994 cases Neurology 42:835-838, 1992.

243. Hays RJ, Levinson SA, Wylie EJ: Intraoperative measurement of carotid back pressure as a guide to operative management for carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 72:953-960, 1972.

244. Heros RC: Carotid endarterectomy in patients with intraluminal thrombus. Stroke 19:667-668, 1990.

245. Hertzer N. Feldman B., Beven E. et al. A prospective study of the incidence of injury to the cranial nerves during carotid endarterectomy. // Surg. Gynecol. Obst., 1980, V. 151, p. 781 784.

246. Hertzer N., Young J., Beven E. Coronary angiography in 506 patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease. // Arch. Intern. Med., 1985, V. 145, p. 849 852.

247. Hertzer N., Beven E., CTHara P. A prospective study of vein patch angioplasty during carotid endarterectomy: thre year results for 801 patients and 917 operations. // Ann. Surg., 1987, V. 206, p. 628 635.

248. Hertzer N. Early complications of carotid endarterectomy: incidence, diagnosis, and management. In: Moore WS, ed. Surgery for cerebrovascular disease, Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1996, p. 625 649.

249. Hertzer N. The asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study results read the label carefully. // J. Vase. Surg., 1996, V. 23, p. 167 -171.

250. Hertzer N., O'Hara P., Mascha E. et al. Early outcome assessment for 2228 consecutive carotid endarterectomy procedures: the Cleveland Clinic experience from 1989 1995. // J. Vase. Surg., 1997, V. 26, p. 1 -10.

251. Hertzer N. Postoperative management and complications following carotid endarterecyomy. // In: Rutherford R.B., editor Vascular surgery. 5-th ed. Philadephia. W.B. Saunders Company, 2000, p. 1881 1906.

252. Hirko M., Morasch M., Burke K. et al. The changing face of carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1996, V. 23, p. 622 627.

253. Hobson RW, Weiss DG, Fields WS, et al.: Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 328:221227,1993.

254. Hobson RW, Wright CB, Sublett JW, et al: Carotid artery back pressure and endarterectomy under regional anesthesia. Arch Surg 109:682-687, 1974.

255. Horsch S, De Vleeschauwer P, Ktenidis K: Intraoperative assessment of cerebral ischemia during carotid surgery. J Neurol 239:241-247, 1991.

256. Horton DA, Fine RD, Lethlean AK, Hicks RG: The virtues of continuous EEG monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Aust N Z J Med 4:32-10, 1974.

257. Hsia D., Moscoe L., Krushat W. Epidemiology of carotid endarterectomy among Medicare beneficiaries: 1985 1996 update. // Stroke, 1998, V. 29, p. 346 - 350.

258. Hunink MGM, Polak JF, Barlan MM et al.: Detection and quantitation of carotid artery stenosis: efficacy of various Doppler parameters. Am. J. Radiol 1993;160:619-625

259. Imparato AM, Ramirez A et al. Cerebral protection in carotid surgery. Arch Surg 1982;117:1073-1078

260. Imparato AM. Vertebral arterial reconstruction: A nineteen year experience. Ann Vase Surg 1985;2(4):626-634.

261. Imparato AM, Riles TS et al.: The importance of hemorrhage in the relationship between gross morphologic char- acteristics and cerebral symptoms in 376 carotid artery plaques. Ann Surg, 197:195 203,1983

262. Inzitari D., Eliaziw M., Gates P. The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. // N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, V. 342, p. 1693 1700.

263. Irvine C., Davies A., Lamont P. et al. Carotid endarterectomy: an underutilized means of stroke prevention. // Br. J. Surg., 1996, V. 83, p. 1373 -1374.

264. Isley M, Cohen MJ et al.: Multimodality neuromonitoring for carotid endarterectomy surgery: determination of critical cerebral ischemic thresholds. Am.J.M.Techn. 38:65-121,1998

265. Jacobs LA, Brinkman SD, Morrell RM et al.: Long-latency somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy. Am Surg 49:338-344,1983.

266. Jansen C, Ramos LMP, van Heesewik JPM, Moll FL, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RGA: Impact of microembolism and hemodynamic changes in the brain during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 25:992-997,1994.

267. Jansen C, Vriens EM, Eikelboom AN, Vermeiden FE, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RGA: Carotid endarterectomy with transcranial Doppler and electroencephalographic monitoring: A prospective study in 130 operations. Stroke 24:665-669, 1993.

268. Jansen C., Sprengers A., Moll F. et al. Prediction of intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endaretrectomy by clinical criteria and intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring. // Eur. J. Vase. Surg., 1994, V. 8, p. 303 -308.

269. Javid H, Julian IN, Dye WS, Hunter JA, et al.: Seventeen year experience with routine shunting in carotid artery surgery. World J Surg 3:167-177,1979.

270. Jernigan WR, Fulton RL, Hamman JL, Miller FB: The efficacy of routine completion operative angiography in reducing the incidence of perioperative stroke associated with carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 96:831-838, 1984.

271. Joebsis FF : Noninvasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science;198:1264-67,1977

272. Jones RH, Loftus CM, Sheldon WC, Smith RB, Toole JF: Concomitant carotid and coronary disease. Patient Care 15:49-66, 1992.

273. Jones C. carotid eversion endarterectomy revisited. // Am. J. Surg., 1989, V. 157, p. 323 328.

274. Jones C., Jescovitch A., Kahn A. et al. technical results from the eversion technique of carotid endarterectomy. // Am. Surg., 1996, V. 62, p. 361-365.

275. Jorgensen LG, Schroeder TV: Transcranial Doppler for detection of cerebral ischaemia during carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vase Surg 6:142-147, 1992.

276. Jorgensen LG, Schroeder TV: Defective cerebrovascular autoregulation after carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vase Surg;7:370-379,1993

277. Karnik R, Ammerer HP, Winkler WB, Valentin A, Slany J: Initial experience with intravascular ultrasound imaging during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 25:35-39,1994.

278. Karp H., Flanders W., Shipp C. et al. Carotid endarterectomy among Medicare beneficiaries: a statewide evaluation of appropriateness and outcome. // Stroke, 1998, V. 29, p. 46 52.

279. Kasprzak P., Raithel D. Eversion carotid endarterectomy technique and early results. // J. Cardiovasc. Surg., 1989, V. 30, p. 495-500.

280. Kearse LA Jr, Brown EN, McPeck K: Somatosensory evoked potentials sensitivity to electroencephalography for cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 23:498-505,1992.

281. Kelly JJ, Callow AD, CKDonnell TF, McBride K, et al.: Failure of carotid stump pressure: Its incidence as a predictor for a temporary shunt during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 114:1361- 1366,1979.

282. Kelly AB: Large pulsating vessels in the pharynx. Glasgow Med. J., 1898;49:28-30

283. Kieny R., Hirsch D., Seiller C. et al. Does carotid eversion endarterectomy and reimplantation reduce the risk of restenosis? // Ann. Vase. Surg., 1993, V. 7, p. 407-413.

284. Kinney E., Seabrook G., Kinney L. et al. The importance of intraoperarive detection of residual flow abnormalities after carotid artery endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1993, V. 17, p. 912 923.

285. Kirkham FJ, Padaychee TS, Parsons S et al.: Transcranial measurementsof blood velocities in the basal cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler ultrasound: velocity and index of flow. Ultrasound Med Biol; 12:1521,1986

286. Kirkpatrick PJ, Smiliewski P et al.: An observational study of near-infrared spectroscopy during carotid endarterectomy. J. Neurosurg; 82:756763,1995

287. Kline RA, Berguer R. Vertebral artery reconstruction. Ann Vase Surg 1993;7(5):497-501.

288. Kobayashi S, Hollenhorst TW, Sundt TM: Retinal arterial pressure before and after surgery for carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 2:569-575,1971.

289. Kontos HA: Valitidy of cerebral arterial blood flow calculations from velocity measurements. Stroke; 20:1-3,1989

290. Koskas F., Kieffer E., Bahnini A. et al. Carotid eversion endarterectomy: short and long-term results. // Ann. Vase. Surg., 1995, V. 9, p. 9-15.

291. Kozak L., Owings M. Ambulatory and inpatient procedures in the United States? 1995. National Center for health statistics. // Vital Health Stat 13, 1998, V. 135, p. 1-116.

292. Kucey D., Bowyer B., Iron K. et al. Determinants of outcome after carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1998, V. 28, p. 1051 1058.

293. Kuroda S, Houkin K et al.: Near-infrared monitoring of cerebraloxigenation state during carotid endarterectomy. Surg Neurol 45:450-458, 1996

294. Kuntz KM, Skillman JJ, Whittemore AD, Kent KC. Carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients is contrast angiography necessary? A morbidity analysis. J Vase Surg 1995; 22:706-16.41

295. Kwaan HM, Peterson GJ, Connolly JE: Stump pressure: An unreliable guide for shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 115:1083-1085, 1980.

296. Ladowski JS, Webster MW, Yonas HO, Steed DL: Carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms. Ann Surg 200:70-73,1984.

297. Lam A, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, Nantau W: Monitoring electrophysiologic function during carotid endarterectomy: A comparison of somatosensory evoked potentials and conventional electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 75:15-21,1991.

298. Laman DM, Voorwinde A, Davies G, Van Duijn H: Intraoperative internal carotid artery restenosis detected by transcraninl Doppler monitoring. Br J Surg 76:1315-1316,1989.

299. Lanska D., Kryscio R. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. // Neurology, 1997, V. 48, p. 1481 1490.

300. Lesage R, Paris E et al.: Surgical reconstruction of the internal carotid artery with contralateral occlusion without use of shunt. Ann Vase Surg;5:55-60,1991

301. Liapis C., Kakisis J., Papavassilliou v. Internal carotid artery stenosis: rate of progression. // Eur. J. Vase. Endovasc. Surg., 2000, 19: 111-117.

302. Lilly M., Bruner M., Wehberg K. et al. Jugular venous vasopressin increases during carotid endarterectomy after cerebral reperfusion. // J. vase. Surg., 1992, V. 16, p. 1 -9.

303. Lindsey RL: A simple solution for determining shunt flow during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 61:215-216, 1984.

304. Little JR, Bryerton BS, Furlan AJ: Saphenous vein patch grafts in carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg bl:743-747, 1984.

305. Little JR, Moufarrij NA, Furlan AJ: Early carotid endarterectomy after cerebral infarction. Neurosurgery 24:334-338,1989.

306. Little JR, Sawhny B, Weinstein M: Pseudo-Tandem stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Neurosurgery 7:574-577, 1980.

307. Littooy FN, 1 lalstuk KS, Mamdani M, Calandra D, Hayes AC, Baker WH: Factors influencing morbidity of carotid endarterectomy without a shunt. Am Surg 50:350-353, 1984.

308. Lindegaard KF, Lunder T et al.: Variations in middle cerebral artery blood flow investigated with noninvasive transcranial blood velocity measurements. Stroke; 18:1025-1030,1987

309. Loftus CM: Technique of carotid endarterectomy. Contemp Neurosurg 10:1-6, 1988.

310. Loftus CM: Surgical management options to prevent ischemic stroke, in Adams HP (ed): Handbook of Cerebrovascular Diseases. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp 315-358.

311. Loftus CM, Dyste GN, Reinarz SJ, Hingtgen WL: Cervical carotid dissection following carotid endarterectomy: A complication of indwelling shunt? Neurosurgery 19:441-445,1986.

312. Loftus CM, Quest DO: Current status of carotid endarterectomy for atheromatous disease. Neurosurgery 13:718-723,1983.

313. Loftus CM, Quest DO: Technical controversies in carotid artery surgery. Neurosurgery 20:490- 495,1987.42

314. Loftus CM, Quest DO: Technical Issues in carotid artery surgery 1995.Neurosurgery 36,4:629-647,1995.

315. Lopez-Bresnahan MV, Kearse LA Jr, Yanez P, Young TI: Anterior communicating artery collateral flow protection against ischemic change during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 79:379-382, 1993.

316. Lusby RJ, Ferrell LD et al.: Carotid plaque haemorrhage: its role in the production of cerebral ischae- mia. Arch Surg, 117:14791488 (1982)

317. Mackey A., Abrahamowicz M., Langlois Y. et al. Outcome of asymptomatic patients with carotid disease. // Neurology, 1997, V. 48, p. 896 -903.

318. Mackey WC, O'Donnel TF Carotid endarterectomy contralateral to an occluded carotid artery: perioperative risk and late results. J.Vase.Surg, 1990, 11:778-783

319. Makhdoomi K., McBridge K., Bradbury A. et al. A prospective study of internal carotid artery plication during carotid endarterectomy: early clinical and duplex outcome. // Br. J. Surg., 1998, V. 85, p. 17.

320. Mansour M., Webb K., Kang S. et al. Timing and frequency of perioperative carotid color-flow duplex scanning: a preliminary report. // J. vase. Surg., 1999, V. 29, p. 833-837.

321. Marcus H: Transcranial Doppler detection of circulating cerebral emboli: A review. Stroke 24:1246-1250,1993.

322. Markand ON, Dilley RS, Moorthy SS, Warren C: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked responses during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Neurol 41:375-378,1984.

323. Marks MP, Napel S, Jordan JE, Enzmann DR. Diagnosis of carotid artery disease: preliminary experience with maximum- intensity-projektion spiral CT angiography. AJR 1993; 160:1267-71.

324. Marshall BM, Lougheed WM: The use of electroencephalographic monitoring during carotid endarterectomy, as an indicator for the application of a temporary bypass. Can Anaes Soc J 16:331 335,1969.

325. Markwalder TM et al.: Dependency of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery on endtidal carbon dioxide partial pressure a transcranial ultrasound doppler study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab; 4:368-372,1984

326. Mattos M., Shamma A., Rossi N. et al. Is duplex follow-up cost-effective in the first year after carotid endarterectomy? // Am. J. Surg., 1988, V. 156, p. 91-95.

327. Mattos M., van Bemmelen P., Barkmeier L. et al. Routine surveillance after carotid endarterectomy: does it affect clinical management? // J. Vase. Surg., 1993, V. 17, p. 819-831.

328. Matzsch T. Carotid endarterectomy what are we doing? // Eur. J. Vase. Endovasc. Surg., 1997, V. 14, p. 327 - 328.

329. Mayberg TS, Lam AM: Jugular bulb oximetry for the monitoring of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Neurosurg. Clin. N.Am.; 7:755-65,1996

330. Mayberg M., Wilson E., Yatsu F. et al. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ishemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. // JAMA, 1991, V. 266, p. 3289 3294.

331. Mayberg M., Winn H. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: resolving the controversy. // JAMA, 1995, V. 273, p. 1459 1461.

332. McCarthy RJ, McCabe AE : The value of transcranial Doppler in predicting cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg;21(5):408-12,2001

333. McCleary AJ, Dearden NM et al.: The differing effects of regional and general anesthesia on cerebral metabolism during caroid endarterectomy. EurJ.Vasc.Endovasc.Surg.; 12:173-81,1996

334. McCrory D., Goldstein L., Samsa G. et al. Predicting complications of carotid endarterectomy. // Stroke, 1993, V. 24, p. 1285 1291.

335. McKay RD, Sundt TM, Michenfelder JD, et al.: Internal carotid artery stump pressure and cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy: Modification by halothane, enflurane, and innovar. Anesthesiology 455:390399, 1976.

336. Messick JM, Sharbrough F, Sundt T: Selective shunting on the basis of EEG and regional CBF monitoring during carotid end-arterectomy. Int Anesthesiol Clin 22:137-145, 1984.

337. Metz M, Murray-Leslie RM, Bannister RM, et al.: Kinking of the internal carotid artery in relation to cerebrovascular disease. Lancet 1:424-426,1961.

338. Memsic L, Bussuttil RW: Surgical repair of coils, kinks and redundancy of carotid artery. Surgery for cerebrovascular disease. 1987;12:33-38

339. Michenfelder J: Anesthetic and pharmacologic management. In Meyer F. Sundt's occlusive cerebrovascular disease 2 ed. Philadlphia:W.B. Saunders; 1994:171-178

340. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Chitwood RW et al. Correlation of North Amirican Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) angiographic definition of 70

341. A.D. Monlauban van Swijndregl, Hans R.J. Elbers etc. Cerebral Ishemic Disease and Morphometric Analyses of Carotid Plaques Annals of Vascular Surgery 13:466-474,1999

342. Moore WS, Hall AD: Carotid artery back pressure: A test of cerebral tolerance to temporary clip occlusion. Arch Surg 99: 702-710,1969.

343. Moore WS, Yee JM, Hall AD: Collateral cerebral blood pressure: An index to tolerance to temporary carotid occlusion. Arch Surg 106:520-523, 1973.

344. Moore DJ, Modi JR et al.: Influence of contralateral carotid artery on neurologic complications following carotid endarterectomy. J Vase Surg; 1:409414,1984

345. Morawetz RB, Zeiger HE, McDowell HA, et al.: Correlation of cerebral blood flow and EEG during carotid occlusion for endarterectomy (without shunting) and neurologic outcome. Surgery 96:184-189, 1984.

346. Morgenstern L., Fox A., Sharpe B. et al. The risks and benefits of carotid endarterecto"iv in patients with near occlusion of the carotid artery. // Neurology, V. 48, p. 911 -915.

347. Moore W., Barnett H., Beebe H. et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a multidisciplinary consensus statement from the Ad Hoc Committee, American Heart Association. // Circulation, 1995, V. 91, p. 566 -579.

348. Myers RR, Stockard J J, Saidman LJ: Monitoring of cerebral perfusion during anesthesia by time-compressed fourier analysis of the electroencephalogram. Stroke 8:331-337, 1977.

349. Myers SI, Valentine J, Chervu A, et al.: Saphenous vein patch versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy: Long-term assessment of a randomized prospective study. J Vase Surg 19:15-22, 1994.

350. Myers WO, Lawton BR, Ray F, et al. Axillo-axillary bypass for subclavian steal syndrome. Arch Surg 1979;114:394-399.

351. Musser D., Nicholas G., Reed J. Death and adverse cardiac events after carotid endarterectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1994, V. 19, p. 615 622.

352. Muto PM, Welch HJ, Mackey WC, O'Donnel TF. Evaluation of carotid artery stenosis: is duplex ultrasonography sufficient? J Vase Surg 1996;24:17-24.

353. Najafi H, Javid H, Dye WS, et al: Kinked internal carotid artery. Clinical evaluation and surgical correction. Arch Surg 89:134-143,1964.

354. Nay lor AR, Wildsmith JAW, McClure J et a!.: Transcranial Doppler monitoring during carotid endarterectomy, Br J Surg 78:1264-1268,1991.

355. Naylor A., Ball P., Ruckley C. Monitoring and cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy.// Bri. J. Surg., 1992, V. 79, p. 735 741.

356. Newman DC, Hicks RG: Combined carotid and coronary artery surgery: A review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg 45:574-581, 1988.

357. Nelson E, Rennels M: Innervation of intracranial arteries. Brain;93:475-490,1970

358. NINDS Clinical Advisory: Carotid endarterectomy for patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. September 28, 1994.

359. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators: Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis: N Engl J Mod 325:445-453, 1991.

360. Norris JW, Krajewski A, Bornstein NM: The clinical role of the cerebral collateral circulation in carotid occlusion. J Vase Surg; 12:113-118,1990

361. Olsen DM, Rodriquez-Lopez JA et al. : Postoperative Morbidity of closely staged bilateral carotid endarterectomies: an intersurgical interval of 4 days or less. Ann Vase Surg; 15:457-464,2001

362. Ojemann RG, Heros RC: Carotid endarterectomy: To shunt or not to shunt? Arch Neurol 43:617-618,1986.

363. Ott DA, Cooley DA, Chapa L, Coelho A: Carotid endarterectomy without temporary intraluminal shunt. Ann Surg 191:708-714, 1980.

364. O'Donnell T., Callow A., Scott G. et al. Ultrasound characteristics of recurrent carotid disease hypothesis explaining the low incidence of symptomatic recurrence. // J. Vase. Surg., 1985, V. 2, p.26 41.

365. O'Donnell TF, Erdoes L. et al.: Correlation of B-mode ultrasound imaging and arteriography with pathologic findings at carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg, 120:443 449, 1985

366. Ouriel K., Green R. Appropriate frequency of carotid duplex testing following carotid endarterectomy. // Am. J. Surg., 1995, V. 170, p. 144 147.

367. Ouriel K., Shortell C., Iiiig K. et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy: incidence, contribution to neurologic morbidity, and predictive factors. // J. Vase. Surg., 1999, V. 29, p. 82 89.

368. Paciaroni M., Eliasziw M., Kappelle L. et al. Medical complications associated with carotid endarterectomy. // Stroke, 1999, V. 30, p. 1759 1763.

369. Padayachee TS, Bishop CCR, Gosling RG, Browse NL: Monitoring cerebral perfusion during carotid endarterectomy. J Cardio-vasc Surg (Torino) 31:112-114, 1990.

370. Padayachee TS, Gosling RG, Lewis RR, Bishop CC, Browse NL: Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral collateral during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg 74:260-262, 1987.

371. Padayachee TS, Gosling RG et al.: Monitoring middle cerebral artery blood velocity during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg;73:98-100,1986

372. Paty P., Darling R, Cordero J. et al. Carotid artery bypass in acute postendarterectomy thrombosis. // Am. J. Surg., 1996, V. 172, p. 181 193.

373. Patterson RH: Risk of carotid surgery with occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery. Arch Neurol 30:188-189, 1974.

374. Patterson RH: Technique of carotid endarterectomy, in Smith RR (ed): Stroke and the Extracranial Vessels. New York, Raven Press, 1984, pp 177185.

375. Penn A., Schomer D., Steinberg G. Imaging studies og cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy: case report. // J. Neurosurg., 1995, V. 83, p. 133 137.

376. Perez-Borja C, Meyer JS: Electroencephalographic monitoring during reconstructive surgery of the neck vessels. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 18:162-169,1965.

377. Perdue GD, Barreca JP, Smith RB III, King OW: The significance of elongation and angulation of the carotid artery: a negative view. Surgery 77:4552,1975.

378. Perry MO. Symposium: Surgery of the vertebral artery. Introduction.Ann Vase Surg 1985;2(4):620-621.

379. Piepgras DG, Morgan M., Sundt T. et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy. // J. Neuroserg., 1988, V. 68, p. 532 536.

380. Piotrowski J J, Bernhard VM, Rubin JR, et al.: Timing of carotid endarterectomy after acute stroke.J Vase Surg 11:45-52, 1990.

381. Pistolese GP, Ippoliti et al. Cerebral haemodynamics during carotid crossclamping. Eur.J.Vasc.Surg, 1993;7:33-38

382. Pistolese GP, Ippoliti et al. Is the use of shunts in carotid endarterectomy still a problem? Eur.J.Vasc.Surg; 7:604-609,1993

383. Plecha FR, Pories WJ: Intraoperative angiography in the immediate assessment of arterial reconstruction. Arch Surg 105:902-907, 1972.

384. Poindexter JM, Patel KR, Clauss RH: Management of kinked extracranial cerebral arteries. Vase Surg 6:127-133,1987.

385. Polak JF, Shemanski L, O'Leary DH, Lefkowitz D, Price TR, Savage PJ, et al. Hypoechoic plaque at US of the carotid artery: an independant risk factor for incident stroke in adults aged 65 years or older. Radiology 1998;208:649-54.

386. Posner MP, Riles TS, Ramirez AA, et al. Axilloaxillary bypass for symptomatic stenosis of the subclavian artery. Am J Surg 1983;145:644-646.

387. Post K, Eckstein HH, Hoffmann E, Volke E, Post S, Allenberg JR, et al. Genauigkeit der Angiographie und CT-Angiographie der Karotisbifurkation im Vergleich mit dem makromorphologischen Korrelat. RoFo 1996;164:196-2000. 46

388. Powers AD, Smith RR: Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy: A transcranial Doppler evaluation. Neurosurgery 26:56-60, 1990.

389. Prioleau WH, Aiken AF, Hairston P: Carotid endarterectomy: Neurologic complications as related to surgical techniques. Ann Surg 185:678-683, 1977.

390. Fritz MB: Carotid endarterectomy after recent stroke: Preliminary observations in patients undergoing operation. Neurosurgery 19:604-609, 1986.

391. Quattlebaum JK Jr, Upson ET, Neville RL: Stroke associated with elongation and kinking of the internal carotid artery. Ann Surg 150:824832,1959.

392. Quattelbaum JK Jr, Wade JS, Whiddon CM: Stroke associated with elongation and kinking of the carotid artery: long-term follow-up. Ann Surg 177:572-579,1973.

393. Radak D., Popovic A., Radicevic S. et al. Immediate reoperation for perioperative stroke after 2250 carotid endarterectomies: differences between intraoperative end early postoperative stroke. // J. Vase. Syrg., 1999, V. 30, p. 245 -251.

394. Rampil I J, Correll JW, Rosenbaum SH, et al.: Computerized lectroencephalogram monitoring and carotid artery shunting. Neurosurgery 13:276-279, 1983.

395. Rampil I J, Holzer JS, Quest DO, et al.: Prognostic value of computerized EEG analysis during carotid endarterectomy. Anesth Analg 62:186-192,1983.

396. Reigner B., Reveilleau P., Gayrai M. Eversion endartereetomy of the internal carotid artery: mid- term resuts of a new technique. // Ann. Vase. Surg., 1995, V. 9, p. 241-246.

397. Reigel MM et al.: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome: a cause of neurologic dysfunction after carotid endartereetomy. J Vase Surg;5:628-634,1987

398. Reilly LM, LusbuRJ et al.: Carotid plaque histology using real-time ultrasonography. Am J Surg, 146:188193,1983

399. Ringelstein EB, Richert F et al.: Transkraniell-sonographisches monitoring des Blutflusses der a.cer.med. waehrend rekanalisierender Operation an der extrakraniellen a.car.int. Nervenarzt, 56:423-30

400. Redekop G, Forguson G: Correlation of contralateral stenosis and intraoperativeelectroencephalogram change with risk of stroke during carotid endartorectomy. Neurosurgery 30:191-194, 1992.

401. Riles TS, Imparato AM: The cause of perioperative stroke after carotid endartereetomy. J Vase Surg; 19:206-216,1994

402. Riser MM, Gerard J, Ducodray J, Ribaut L: Dolico-internal carotid with vertiginous syndrome. Rev Neurol 85:145-147,1951.

403. Rich N,Hobson R: Carotid endartereetomy under regional anesthesia. Am Surg;41:253-259,1975

404. Rockman C., Riles T., Lamparello P. Natural history and management of the asymptomatic, moderately stenotic internal carotid artery. // J. Vase. Surg., 1997, V. 25, p. 423 -431.

405. Rockman C., Jacobowitz G., Lamparello P. Immediate reexploration for the perioperative neurologic event after carotid endartereetomy: is it worthwhile? // Journal vascular Surgery 2000; 32: 1062-1070.

406. Roederer CO, Langlois YE, Chan ARW, Chikos PM, Thiele BL, Strandness DE: Is siphon disease important in predicting outcome of carotid endartereetomy? Arch Surg 118:1177-1181,1983.

407. Roederer GO, Langlois YE, et al.: The natural history of carotid artery disease in asymptomatic patients with cervical bruits. Stroke 15:605-613,1984.

408. Rosenthal D., Arcie J.J.P., Garcia-Rinaldi R. et al. Carotid patch angioplasty: immediate and long-term results. J. Vascular Surgery, 1990, N. 12, p. 326-333.

409. Rosenthal JJ, Caspar MR, Movius HJ: Intraoperative arteriography in carotidthromboendarterectomy. Arch Surg 106:806-808,1973.

410. Rosenthal D, Stanton PE, Lamis PA: Carotid endarterectomy: The unreliability of intraoperative monitoring in patients having had a stroke or reversible ischemic neurological deficit. Arch Surg 116:1569-1575, 1981.

411. Rosenthal D., Archie J.J.P., Garcia-Rinaldi R. et al. Carotid patch angioplasty: immediate and long-term results. // J. Vascular Surgery, 1990, N. 12, p. 326-333.

412. Rosenthal D, Cossman D, Ledig CB, et al. Results of carotid endarterectomy for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. An evaluation over ten years. Arch Surg 1978;113:1361-1364.

413. Roth S., Back M., Bandyk D. et al. A rational algotithm for duplex scan surveillance after carotid endarteraectomy. // J. Vase. Surg., 1999, V. 30, p. 453 -460.

414. Rothwell P., Slattery J., Warlow C. A systematic comparison of the risks of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis. // Stroke, 1996, V. 27, p. 266 269.

415. Rothwell P., Slattery J., Warlow C. Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy: systematic review. // BMJ, 1997, V. 315, p. 1571 1577.

416. Rothwell P.,et al. : Analysis of treatment effects in individual patients: prediction of benefit from carotid endarterectomy. // Lancet, 1999, V. 353, p. 2105-2110.

417. Rothwell P., Warlow C. Low risk of ischemic stroke in patients with reduced internal carotid artery lumen diameter distal to severe symptomaticcarotid stenosis: cerebral protection due to low poststenotic flow? //Stroke, 2000, V.31,p. 622-630.

418. Roubin GS, Yadav S et al.:Carotid stent supported angioplasty: a neurovascular intervention to prevent stroke. // Am J Cardiol, 1996; 78 (suppl 3A):8-12.

419. Rowed DW, Vilaghy MI: Intraoperative regional cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. Can J Neurol Sci 8:235-241, 1981.

420. Russ W, Fraedrich G, Hehrlein FW, Hempelmann G: Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials as a prognostic factor of neurologic state after carotid endarterectomy. Thorac Cardio-vasc Surg 33:392-396, 1985.

421. Samson DS et al.: Saphenous vein interposition grafts in the microsurgical treatment of cerebral ishemia. Arch Surg;l 16:1578-1582,1981

422. Sachs SM, Fulenwider T, Smith RB, Darden WA, Salam AA, Perdue CD: Does contralateral carotid occlusion influence neurologic fate of carotid endarterectomy? Surgery 96:839-844, 1984.

423. Salvian A, Baker JD, Machleder HI, et al.: Cause and noninvasive detection of restenosis after endarterectomy. Am J Surg 146:29-34, 1983.

424. Sarkari NBS, Holmes JM, Bickerstaff ER: Neurological manifestations associated with internal carotid loops and kinks in children. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 33:194-200,1970.

425. Sbarigia E, Speziale F et al.: Post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion syndrome: preliminary observations for identifying at risk patients by transcranial doppler sonography and the acetazolamide test. Eur J Vase Surg;7:252-256,1993

426. Schenk P,Temmel A: Current aspects in diagnosis and therapy of carotid artery kinking. HN0.1996;44(4):178-185

427. Schiro J, Mertz GH, Cannon JA, et al.: Routine use of a shunt for carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg 142:735-738,1981.

428. Schneider PA, Rossman ME, Torem S, et al.: Transcranial Doppler in the management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease: Implications in diagnosis and monitoring. J Vase Surg 7:223231,1988.

429. Schuler JJ, Flanigan DP, Lim LT, et al.: The effect of carotid siphon stenosis on stroke rate, death, and relief of symptoms following elective carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 92:1058-1067,1982.

430. Scott SM, Sethi GK, Bridgman AH: Perioperative stroke during carotid endarterectomy: The value of intraoperative angiography. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 23:353-358, 1982.

431. Seifert KF, Blackshear WM Jr. Continuous-wave Doppler in the intraoperative assessment of carotid endarterectomy. J Vase Surg 2:817-820, 1985.

432. Seeger J, Kligman N. The relationship between carotid plaque composition and neurological symptoms. J Surg Res, 43: 78 85 (1987)

433. Shah D., Darling R., Chang B. et al. Carotid endarterectomy by eversion technique : ets safety and durability. // Ann. Surg. 1998, V. 228, p. 471-478.

434. Slavin K., Dujovny M. Clinical experience with transcranial cerebral oxymetry. Surg. Neurology, 1994, V. 42, p. 531 540.

435. Smith AL, Wollman H: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism: Effects of anesthetic drugs and techniques. Anesthesiology 36: 378-400, 1972.

436. Solomon R., Loftus C., Quest D. Incidence and etiology if intracerebral hemorrhage following caritid endaretrectomy. // J. Neurosurg., 1986, V. 64, p. 29 34.

437. Spencer MP : Transcranial doppler monitoring and causes of stroke from carotid endarterectomy. Stroke;28(4):685-691,1997

438. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Moehring MA: Relation between middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and stump pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 23:1439-1445,1992.

439. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Nicholls SC, Sauvage LR: Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke 21:415-423,1990.

440. Spencer MP, Granado L: Transcranial Doppler: practical applications in carotid endarterectomy. In Spencer MP Sound Vascular Monitoring TCD

441. Monitoring Course. Sound Vascular Monitoring : A division of Spentech Inc., Seatle, WA

442. Spetzler RF, Martin N, Hadley MN, et al.: Microsurgical endarterectomy under barbiturate protection: A prospective study. J Neurosurg 65:63-73,1986.

443. Spetzler R, Charter N.: Microvascular bypass surgery . J Neurosurg;45:508-513, 1976.

444. Stanton PE, McClusky D, Lamis P. Hemodynamic assessment and surgical correction of kinking of the internal carotid artery. Surgery 84:793802,1978.

445. Steed DL, Peitzivum AB, Grundy BL, Webster MW: Causes of stroke in carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 92:634-641,1982.

446. Steffen CM, Gray-Weale AC et al.: Carotid artery atheroma: ultrasound appearance in symptomatic and asymptomatic vessels. Aust N J Surg , 59:529534,1989

447. Steiger HJ, Schaffler L, Licchti S: Results of microsurgical carotid endarterectomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 100:31-38, 1989.

448. Stern J, Whelan M, Brisman R, Correll JW: Management of extracranial carotid stenosis and intracranial aneurysms. ] Neurosurg 51:147-150, 1979.

449. Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus Rj, Davenport KL, Richardson M, Farina C, Hunter WJ: Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic deficits. Surgery 104:652-660, 1988.

450. Strandness DE: Extracranial arterial disease. In: Standness DE Jr ed. Duplex Scanning in Vascular Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1993 pp. 113-157

451. Strawn DJ, Hunter GC: The relationship of intraluminal shunting to technical result after carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiovasc Surg; 31:424429,1990

452. String TS, Callahan A: The critical manipulable variables of hemispheric low flow during carotid surgery. Surgery 93:46-49,1983.

453. Sublett JW, Seidenberg AB, Hobson RW: Internal carotid artery stump pressures during regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology 41:505-508,1974.

454. Sundt TM: The ischemic tolerance of neural tissue and the need for monitoring and selective shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 14:9398,1983.

455. Sundt TM, Sharbrough FW, Anderson RE, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalograms during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 41:310-320, 1974.

456. Sundt TM, Sharbrough FW, Piepgras DG, et al.: Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy: With results of surgery and hemodynamics of cerebral ischemia. Mayo Clin Proc 56:533-543, 1981.

457. Sundt TM, Sharbrough FW, Trautmann JC, Gronert GA: Monitoring techniques for carotid endarterectomy. Clin Neurosurg 22:199-213,1975.

458. Sundt TM Jr : Was the international randomized trial of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass representative of the population at risk? N Engl J Med;316:814-816,1987

459. Sundt TM Jr, Piepgras DG et al. : Saphenous vein bypass grafts for giant aneurysms and intracranial occlusive disease. J Neurosurg; 65:439-450,1986

460. Tangkanakul C., Counsell C., Warlow C. Local versus general anaesthesia in carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of the evidence. European J. of Endovasc. Surg., 1997, V. 13, p. 491 499.

461. Taylor D., Barnett H., Haynes R. et al. Low-dose and high-dose acetylsalicylic asid for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. // Lancet, 1999, V. 35?, p. 2179 2184.

462. The EC/IC bypass study group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce risk of ishemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. N Eng J Med; 313:1191-1200,1985

463. Theron J , Raymond J. et al: Percutaneous angioplasty of atherosclerotic and postsurgical stenosis of carotid arteries. AJNR 8:495-500,1987.

464. Thie! A, Russ W, Zeiler D, et al.: Transcranial Doppler sonography and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in carotid surgery. Eur J Vase Surg 4:597-602,1990.

465. Thompson JE: Protection of the brain during carotid endarterectomy. Int Anesth Clin 22:123-128,1984.

466. Tiberio G, Floriani M, Giulini SM, et at.: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy: Relationship with different haemodynamic parameters and clinical outcome. Eur J Vase Surg 5:647-653, 1991.

467. Tiberio G, Guilini S, Floriani M, Bonardelli S: Intraoperative control of carotidthromboendarterectomy by Doppler spectrum analysis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 25:361-364,1984.

468. Treiman R., Cossman D., Cohen J. et al. Management of postoperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy. // Am. J. Surg., 1982, V. 142, p. 236 238.

469. Toole JF, Tucker SH: Influence of head position upon cerebral circulation studies on blood flow on cadavers. Arch Neurol 2:616-623,1960.

470. Trojaborg W, Boyson G: Relationship between EEC, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 34:61- 69, 1973.

471. Urbinati S, DiPnsquale G, Andreoli A, et al.: Preoperative noninvasive coronary risk stratification in candidates for carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 25:2022-2027, 1994.

472. Vannix RS, Joergenson EJ, Carter R: Kinking of the internal carotid artery. Clinical significance and surgical management. Am J Surg

473. Vanmaele R., Van Schil P. Closure of the internal carotid artery after endarterectomy: the advantages of patch angioplasty without its disadvantages. // Ann. Vase. Surg., 1990, V. 4, p. 81-84.

474. Vogt DP, Hertzer NR, O'Hara PJ, et al. Brachiocephalic arterial reconstruction. Ann Surg 1982;196(5):541-552.

475. Vollmar J, Nadjafi AS, Stalker CG: Surgical treatment of kinked internal carotid arteries. Br J Surg 63:847-850,1976.134:82-89,1977.

476. Wade JG, Larson CP, Hickey RF, Ehrenfeld WK, Severinghaus JW: Effect of carotid endarterectomy on carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor function in man. N Engl J Med 282:823-829,1970.

477. Wang M., Lavine S., Soukiasian H. Treating stroke as a medical emergency: a survey of resident physicians' attitudes toward "brain attack"and carotid endarterectomy. // Neurosurgery, 2001, V. 48, p. 1109 1117.

478. Wassermann BA, Haacke EM, Li D. Carotid plaque formation and its evaluation with angiography, ultrasound, and MR angiography. JMRI 1994;4:515-27.

479. Wassmann H, Fischdick G, Jain KK: Cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy: EEG monitoring as a guide to the use of intraluminal shunts. ActaNeurochir (Wien) 71:99-108, 1984.

480. Warlow C. Carotid surgery: does it work? // Stroke, 1984, V. 15, p. 1068 1076.

481. Warlow C. Surgical treatment of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. // Cerebrovasc. Dis., 1996, V. 6 (suppl. 1), p. 7 14.

482. Warlow C. Carotid surgery. // Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 1999, V. 155, N. 9, p. 697-703.

483. Wechsler LR: Ulceration and carotid artery disease. Stroke 19: 650-653, 1988.

484. Weibel J, Fields WS: Tortuosity, coiling, and kinking of the internal carotid artery. I. Etiology and radiographic anatomy Neurology 15:7-18,1965.

485. Weibel J, Fields WS: Tortuosity, coiling, and kinking of the internal carotid artery. JI. Relationship of morphological variation to cerebrovascular insufficiency. Neurology 5:462-468,1965.

486. Weksler B. Hematologic disorders and ischemic stroke. // Curr. Opin. Neurol., 1995, V. 8, N. 1, p. 38-44.

487. Wells BA, Keats AS, Cooley DA: Increased tolerance to cerebral ischemia produced by general anesthesia during temporary carotid occlusion. Surgery 54:216-223,1963.

488. Wennberg D., Lucas F., Birkmeyer J. et al. Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population: trial hospitals, volume, and patients characteristics. // JAMA, 1998, V. 279, p. 1278 1281.

489. Westerband A., Mills J., Bermann S. et al. The influence of routine completion arteriography on outcome following carotid endarterectomy. // Ann. Vase. Surg., 1997, V. 11, p. 14 -19.

490. Wildy KS, Yuan C, Tsuruda JS, Ferguson MS, Subramaniam DS, Standness DE Jr. Atherosclerosis of the carotid artery: evaluation by magnetic resonance angiography. JMRI 1996; 6:726-32.

491. White J.G. Platelets and atherosclerosis. // Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, V. 24, Suppl. l,p. 25-29.

492. Whitney DG, Kahn EM, Estes JW, Jones CE: Carotid artery surgery without a temporary indwelling shunt. Arch Surg 115: 1393-1399, 1980.

493. Whittemore AD: Carotid endarterectomy: An alternative approach. Arch Surg 115:940-942,1980.

494. Whittemore AD, Kauffman JL, Kohler TR, Mannick JA: Routine electroencephalographic (EEC) monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg 197:707-713,1982.

495. Williams I., Mead G., Picton A. The influence of contralateral carotid stenosis and occlusion on cerebral oxygen saturation during carotid artery surgery. // Eur. J. Vase. Endovasc. Surgery, 1995, V. 10, p. 198 206.

496. Williams I., Picton A., Farrell A. et al. Light-reflective cerebral oximetry and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation during carotid endarterectomy. // Br. J. Surg., 1994, V. 81, p. 1291 1295.

497. Willig DS, Turski PA, Frayne R, Graves VB, Korosec FR, Swan JS, et al. Contrast-enhanced 3D MR DSA of the carotid artery bifurcation: preliminary study of comparison with unenhanced 2D and 3D time-of flight MR angiography. Radiology 1998;208:447-51.

498. Wong J., Findlay J., Suares-Almazor M. Regional performance of carotid endarterectomy: appropriateness, outcomes, and risk factors for complications. // Stroke, 1997, V. 28, p. 891 898.

499. Yasargil MG et al.: Anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery. In Microsurgery applied to neurosurgery. Stuttgart. Georg-Thieme, pp 105-115,1969

500. Ye J., Myers K., Scott D. et al. Perioperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy: etiological risk factors and management. // Chin. Med., 1994, V. 107, p. 460-463.

501. Young B., Moore W., Robertson J. et al. An analysis of perioperative surgical mortality and morbidity in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. // Stroke, 1996, V. 27, p. 2216 2224.

502. Zanetti PP, Rosa G: Surgical treatment of carotid kinking. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997;38:21-26

503. Zelenock GB, Cronenwett JL, Graham LM, et al. Brachiocephalic arterial occlusions and stenoses. Arch Surg 1985;120:370-376.

504. Zierler RE, Bandyk DF, Strandness BD et al.:Carotid artery stenosis following endarterectomy. Arch Surg, 117:1408-1415, 1982.

505. Ziomek S, Quinones-Baldrich WJ, Busuttil RW, et al. The superiority of synthetic arterial grafts over autologous veins in carotid-subclavian bypass. J Vase Surg 1986;3:140-145.

506. Zuccarello M et al.: Morbidity and mortality of carotid endarterectomy under local anesthesia: a retrospective study. Neurosurgery; 23:445-450,1988