Автореферат и диссертация по медицине (14.00.06) на тему:Фибрилляция предсердий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования: прогностические факторы, особенности диагностики и лечения

ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ
Фибрилляция предсердий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования: прогностические факторы, особенности диагностики и лечения - диссертация, тема по медицине
Какучая, Теа Тамазовна Москва 2004 г.
Ученая степень
кандидата медицинских наук
ВАК РФ
14.00.06
 
 

Оглавление диссертации Какучая, Теа Тамазовна :: 2004 :: Москва

Страница

Введение

Глава I Обзор литературы

1.1 Фибрилляция предсердий после кардиохирургических операций: история развития . 7 вопроса, эпидемиология, время возникновения

1.2 Последствия возникновения фибрилляции предсердий после операции аортокоронарно- 16 го шунтирования

1.3 Патофизиология возникновения фибрилляции предсердий после операции аортокоронар-го шунтирования

1.4 Факторы риска развития фибрилляции предсердий после операции аортокоронарного 21 шунтирования: до-, интра- и послеоперационные.

1.5 Клинико-инструментальные и лабораторные методы оценки некоторых факторов риска 40 развития фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирования.

Глава II Материалы и методы исследования

2.1 Клиническая характеристика больных

2.2 Методы исследования

2.2.1 Электрокардиографические методы исследования

2.2.2 Ультразвуковые методы диагностики

2.2.3 Рентгенологическое исследование

2.2.4 Коронарография

2.2.5 Определение содержания натрийуретических пептидов в плазме крови

2.2.6 Статистическая обработка данных

Глава Ш Результаты исследования и обсуждение полученных результатов

3.1 Частота встречаемости фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирова 70 ния с искусственным кровообращением и без искусственного кровообращения

3.1.1.Время возникновения фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного 71 шунтирования с искусственным кровообращением и без искусственного кровообращения

3.1.2. Связь некоторых интра- и послеоперационных параметров с развитием фибрилляции 72 предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирования

3.1.3. Связь некоторых дооперационных параметров с развитием фибрилляции предсердий 82 после аортокоронарного шунтирования

3.1.4. Продолжительность Р-волны, её дисперсии и фильтрованной Р-волны 85 3.1.5.Эхокардиографические данные

3.1.6. Особенности вариабельности сердечного ритма

3.1.7. Роль определения уровней предшественников натрийуретических пептидов в плазме Ю0 крови и их динамика после аортокоронарного шунтирования

3.2 Выявление независимых предикторов развития фибрилляции предсердий после аорто- 118 коронарного шунтирования

 
 

Введение диссертации по теме "Кардиология", Какучая, Теа Тамазовна, автореферат

Фибрилляция предсердий (ФП) является одной из наиболее часто встречающихся аритмий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования (AKLLI) (частота её встречаемости значительно превосходит таковую в общей популяции и среди неоперированных пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца). Несмотря на свой преходящий характер (возникает чаще в раннем послеоперационном периоде с пиком встречаемости на 2-4 сутки после операции) и относительно благоприятное течение ФП может приводить к целому ряду осложнений, таких как тромбоэмболия сосудов головного мозга, сердечная недостаточность, жизнеугрожающие желудочковые аритмии, ухудшение качества жизни пациентов и удлинение госпитализации. Хотя увеличение госпитального периода из-за возникновения ФП по сравнению с развитием других послеоперационных осложнений, таких как респираторный дистресс-синдром взрослых, септицемия или пневмония не так велико, кумулятивный вклад ФП (из-за её высокой распространенности) в продолжительность госпитализации довольно высок.

Патофизиология возникновения послеоперационной ФП до конца не ясна и не изучена: предполагается, что в её основе лежат структурные изменения миокарда предсердий (гипертрофия, дилатация, фиброз, миолиз) и отклонения в электрофизиологии (замедление проводимости, дисперсия рефрактерности, уязвимость предсердий к развитию фибрилляции), которые проявляются в результате воздействия различных пусковых факторов, таких как ишемия предсердий, их травма, острое растяжение вследствие объемной перегрузки, неадекватная защита миокарда предсердий, метаболические и электролитные нарушения, системный воспалительный синдром, реперфузионный синдром, гиперадренергический статус и т.д. Для реализации механизма множественного риентри, лежащего в основе ФП по данным большинства исследователей, необходимо существование аритмогенного субстрата и инициирующих факторов (триггеров). В качестве одного из таких триггеров рассматривается искусственное кровообращение, однако свидетельство того, что миниинвазивные операции АКШ лишь незначительно уменьшают численность пациентов с послеоперационной ФП привело к пересмотру концепции о её роли как единственного фактора риска в возникновении этой аритмии. Хотя интраоперационное электрофизиологическое исследование (ЭФИ) в настоящее время с высокой точностью позволяет дифференцировать состояния, которые сопряжены или не сопряжены с высоким риском развития ФП, оно увеличивает продолжительность операции, травматичность для пациента, является дорогостоящим и его осуществление не всегда возможно.

Таким образом, актуальность данной работы очевидна и состоит в поиске независимых неинвазивных маркеров развития ФП после АКШ для выявления групп больных с высоким риском возникновения данной патологии с целью осуществления её адекватной профилактики и лечения.

Целью нашего исследования было выявить предикторы развития фибрилляции предсердий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования.

В задачи исследования входило:

1. Провести сравнительный анализ частоты встречаемости фибрилляции предсердий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования в условиях искусственного кровообращения и без него.

2. С помощью неинвазивных методов исследования выявить инструментальные и лабораторные критерии, позволяющие прогнозировать развитие фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирования и определить среди них наиболее значимые.

3. Установить независимые факторы риска возникновения фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирования.

Автор выражает глубокую благодарность своим научным руководителям академику РАМН Лео Антоновичу Бокерия и член-корреспонденту РАМН Елене Зеликовне Голуховой за предоставленную возможность выполнить данную работу и всестороннюю поддержку.

 
 

Заключение диссертационного исследования на тему "Фибрилляция предсердий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования: прогностические факторы, особенности диагностики и лечения"

Выводы

1. Больные, перенесшие операцию аортокоронарного шунтирования имеют высокий риск развития фибрилляции предсердий в раннем послеоперационном периоде.

2. Частота встречаемости фибрилляции предсердий одинакова после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования, выполненных в условиях искусственного кровообращения и без него.

3. Пожилых пациентов с длительным анамнезом ишемической болезни сердца, значением фильтрованной Р-волны >150мсек и увеличенным левым предсердием следует относить к группе высокого риска развития фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирования.

4. Интраоперационными факторами риска возникновения фибрилляции предсердий в раннем послеоперационном периоде при выполнении аортокоронарного шунтирования в условиях искусственного кровообращения следует считать длительность искусственного кровообращения более 175 мин и пережатия аорты более 82 мин, необходимость осуществления внутриаортальной баллонной контрапульсации.

5. Послеоперационными факторами риска возникновения фибрилляции предсердий в раннем послеоперационном периоде следует считать продолжительность искусственной вентиляции легких более 24 часов и развитие пневмоний.

Практические рекомендации

1. В связи с одинаковой частотой встречаемости фибрилляции предсердий в раннем послеоперационном периоде при операциях аортокоронарного шунтирования как с искусственным кровообращением, так и без него, для выявления больных с высоким риском развития данного нарушения ритма необходимо учитывать совокупность до-, интра- и послеоперационных факторов: до операции - возраст пациентов, длительность анамнеза ишемической болезни сердца, значение сигнал-усредненной Р-волны, размеры левого предсердия, во время операции с искусственным кровообращением - время искусственного кровообращения и пережатия аорты, необходимость осуществления внутриаортальной баллонной контрапульсации, после операции — продолжительность искусственной вентиляции легких и возникновение пневмоний.

2. Для уменьшения риска возникновения фибрилляции предсердий после операций аортокоронарного шунтирования в условиях искусственного кровообращения рекомендуется пересмотреть используемые методики бикавальной каннюляции, частичного пережатия аорты, дренирования легочных вен и эвакуации кардиоплегического раствора через атриотомный разрез, с целью снижения травматичности предсердий и улучшения их защиты при таких операциях.

3. Несмотря на до- и послеоперационную терапию бета-адреноблокаторами, риск развития фибрилляции предсердий после аортокоронарного шунтирования, выполненного в условиях искусственного кровообращения или без него сохраняется, но при отсутствии подобной терапии частота возникновения этого осложнения может оказаться значительно больше, поэтому в целях профилактики послеоперационной фибрилляции предсердий важно продолжать назначение бета-адреноблокаторов начиная с раннего послеоперационного периода при отсутствии противопоказаний.

 
 

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