Автореферат и диссертация по медицине (14.00.19) на тему:Оценка мозгового кровотока и цереброваскулярного резерва у больных с приобретенными пороками сердца до и после хирургического лечения по данным однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии с #299m

Введение

Глава I Обзор литературы.

1.1. Механизмы нарушений центральной и внутрисердечной 9 гемодинамики при приобретенных пороках сердца.

1.1.1 Механизмы нарушения гемодинамики при патологии 9 аортального клапана.

1.1.2. Механизмы нарушения гемодинамики при пороках митрального 11 клапана.

1.2. Кардиальная патология, как источник церебральной 14 эмболии.

1.3. Этиология и патогенез повреждений головного мозга при 17 операциях на открытом сердце с использованием искусственного кровообращения.

1.4. Оценка неврологического статуса и мозговой гемодинамики у 21 больных с приобретенными пороками сердца до и после хирургического лечения.

1.5. Методы исследования сосудистой системы мозга и мозгового 24 кровообращения.

1.5.1. Церебральная ангиография.

1.5.2. Исследование магистрального мозгового кровотока с помощью 26 ультразвуковой допплерографии.

1.5.3. Радионуклидные методы исследования.

1.6. Характеристика радиофарапрепаратов, применяемых при 29 радионуклидных исследованиях головного мозга.

Глава И. Материалы и методы исследования.

2.1. Общая клиническая характеристика исследуемых больных.

2.2. Методы исследования.

2.2.1. Метод ОФЭКТ с "шТс-НМРАО в покое и с фармакологической 39 нагрузкой с персантином.

2.2.2. Селективная коронарография.

2.3. Характеристика использованных статистических методов и 46 технических средств.

Глава III Результаты исследований.

3.1. Оценка мозгового кровотока в зависимости от возраста больных 47 и типа порока сердца до операции.

3.1.1. Оценка мозгового кровотока у больных различных возрастных 47 групп

3.1.2. Оценка мозгового кровотока у больных с приобретенными 51 пороками сердца.

3.2. Оценка межполушарной асимметрии кровоснабжения коры 51 головного мозга.

3.3. Цереброваскулярный резерв (полушарный и региональный) в 54 зависимости от возраста больных и типа порока сердца.

3.4. Динамика клинического состояния больных на госпитальном 61 этапе после хирургического лечения.

3.5. Динамика показателей мозгового кровотока у больных после 65 хирургической коррекции приобретенных пороков сердца.

3.5. Динамика показателей цереброваскулярного резерва у больных с 68 приобретенными пороками сердца пороков после хирургической коррекции порока.

3.6. Динамика показателей цереброваскулярного резерва у больных с 70 приобретенными пороками сердца после хирургической коррекции порока.

3.7. Оценка цереброваскулярного резерва после операции в зависимости от продолжительности искусственного кровообращения и времени пережатия аорты.

1. Акимов Г.А., Либов А.С., Видении B.C. Состояние нервной системы у больных, оперированных с применением искусственного кровообращения //Грудная хирургия. - 1963. -N 1. - С. 25.

2. Альцерн Д.Е. Патологическая физиология, Издательство Медицина. Москва. 1965г. стр. 259-79.

3. Амосов Н.В., Бендет Я.А. Терапевтические аспекты кардиохирургии. Киев: Здоровье, 1983.

4. Боголепов Н.К., Бураковский В.И., Степанян Е.П. и др. Реакции нервной системы и осложнения при искусственном кровообращении в связи с операциями на сердце // Материалы II Всероссийского съезда невропатологов и психиатров. М., 1967. - С.302.

5. Бураковский В.И., Бокерия Л.А, Бухарин В.А. и др. «Сердечнососудистая хирургия». Руководство. Медицина, 2-е изд. 1996. Москва.

6. Бураковский В.И., Раппопорт Я.Л., Гелыитейн Г.Г. и др. Осложнения при операциях на открытом сердце. М: Медицина. - 1972. - 303

7. Верещагин Н.В., Моргунов В.А., Гуловская T.G. Патология головного мозга при атеросклерозе и артериальной гипертонии. Медицина, Москва , 1997г.

8. Верещагин Н.В., Борисенко В.В., Власенко А.Л. Мозговое кровообращение. Современные методы исследования в клинической неврологии. Москва. 1993. Стр.11,102.

9. Гельфанд В.Б., Крымский Л.Д. Неврологические изменения при. врождённых пороках сердца и динамика после хирургического лечения. -М.- 1967. 112 с.

10. Ю.Ефимова Н.Ю. Однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография с "тТс-ГНМПАО в оценке цереброваскулярных осложненийiаортокоронарного шунтирования. Дисс., канд., Томск, 2003.

11. П.Карпов Ю.А. Новые .подходы к профилактике осложненийцереброваскулярнвгх заболеваний. Русский медицинский журнал. Кардиология.2002г. Москва. Том. 10. №1. стр. 4-8.120

12. Ким А.В. Изучение мозгового кровотока у бюольных с приобретенными пороками сердца по данным ультразвуковой допплерографии. Дисс., канд., Москва, 2004.

13. Кнышов Г.В., Бендет Я.А.Приобретенные пороки сердца. Киев. 1997. Стр. 43.

14. Лясс Ф.М., Лясс С.Ф., Калантаров К.Д. Однофотонная- эмиссионная компьютерная томография головного мозга с мечеными аминами при визуализации мозговой микроциркуляции // Мед. радиология. 1990. - № 7. - С.23-27.

15. Маколкин В.И. Приобретенные пороки сердца. Издательский дом «« «ГЭОТАР-МЕД». Москва. 2003 г. с. 51-123.

16. Малинин А.Б., Марченков Н.С. Современные тенденции в производстве радионуклидов для медицины // Производство радионуклидов и их использование в медицине.- М.МЦНТИ. 1988.-С.5-15.

17. Москаленко Ю.Е. Динамика кровенаполнения головного мозга в норме и при гравитационных нагрузках. Л., 1967. 218 с.

18. Москаленко Ю.Е. Реактивность мозговых сосудов: Физиологические основы, критерии оценки, информационная значимость // Физиол. журн. ССР. 1986. Т. 72. С. 1115-1122.

19. Москаленко Ю.Е., Бекетов А.И., Орлов Р.С. Мозговое кровообращение: Физико-химические приёмы изучения. Л., 1988. с. 160 .

20. Москаленко Ю.Е., Ванштейн Г.Б., Демченко И.Т., Кисляков Ю.А., Кривченко А.И. Внутричерепное кровообращение: биофизические аспекты.-Л.: Наука., 1975. с.202.

21. Москаленко Ю.Е., Хилько В.А. Принципы исследования сосудистой системы головного мозга человека. Л., 1984. с. 70.121

22. Москаленко Ю.Е., Хилько В.А., Вайнштейн Г.Б. и др. О взаимосвязи внутричерепного давления, кровенаполнения полости черепа и суммарного мозгового кровотока // Физиол. журн. СССР. 1983. Т. 69. с. 92-99.

23. Постнов В,Г., Карасышв A.M., Ломиворотов В.Н., Кадочникова М.Х. Церебральные расстройства в кардиохирургии. Патология кровообращения и кардиохирургия. №4. 2003г. 79-82.

24. Самойлов М.О. Реакции нейронов мозга на гипоксию. -Л.: Наука. 1985. с.109.

25. Свистов Д. В. Периоперационная транскранияльная допплерография при артериовенозных мальформациях головного мозга. Автореферат дисс. канд. мед. наук.- СПБ., 1993. с. 22.

26. Тюрин В.П. Инфекционные эндокардиты. Москва. Гэотар-Мед. 2002г.

27. Ферстрате М., Фермилен Ж. Тромбозы. Перевод с англ.- М.: Медицина. -1986.-С.167-177.

28. Шевченко Ю.Л., Михайленко А.А., Кузнецов. А.Н., Ерофеев А.А. Кардиохирургическая агрессия и головной мозг. Церебральная гемодинамика. 1997. Санкт-Петербург. "Наука". Стр. 34-53

29. Ким А.В. Изучение мозгового кровотока у бюольных с приобретенными пороками сердца по данным ультразвуковой допплерографии. Дисс., канд., Москва, 2004.

30. Кнышов Г.В., Бендет Я.А.Приобретенные пороки сердца. Киев. 1997. Стр. 43.

31. Лясс Ф.М., Лясс С.Ф., Калантаров К.Д. Однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография головного мозга с мечеными аминами привизуализации мозговой микроциркуляции // Мед. радиология. 1990. - № 7. - С.23-27.

32. Маколкин В.И. Приобретенные пороки сердца. Издательский дом «« «ГЭОТАР-МЕД». Москва. 2003 г. с. 51-123.

33. Малинин А.Б., Марченков Н.С. Современные тенденции в производстве радионуклидов для медицины // Производство радионуклидов и их использование в медицине.- М.МЦНТИ. 1988.-С.5-15.

34. Москаленко Ю.Е. Динамика кровенаполнения головного мозга в норме и при гравитационных нагрузках. Л., 1967. 218 с.

35. Москаленко Ю.Е. Реактивность мозговых сосудов: Физиологические основы, критерии оценки, информационная значимость // Физиол. журн. ССР. 1986. Т. 72. С. 1115-1122.

36. Москаленко Ю.Е., Бекетов А.И., Орлов Р.С. Мозговое кровообращение: Физико-химические приёмы изучения. JL, 1988. с. 160 .

37. Москаленко Ю.Е., Ванштейн Г.Б., Демченко И.Т., Кисляков Ю.А., Кривченко А.И. Внутричерепное кровообращение: биофизические аспекты.-J1.: Наука., 1975. с.202.

38. Москаленко Ю.Е., Хилько В.А. Принципы исследования сосудистой системы головного мозга человека. Л., 1984. с. 70.

39. Москаленко Ю.Е., Хилько В.А., Вайнштейн Г.Б. и др. О взаимосвязи внутричерепного давления, кровенаполнения полости черепа и суммарного мозгового кровотока // Физиол. журн. СССР. 1983. Т. 69. с. 92-99.

40. Постнов В,Г., Караськов А.М., Ломиворотов В.Н., Кадочникова М.Х. Церебральные расстройства в кардиохирургии. Патология кровообращения и кардиохирургия. №4. 2003г. 79-82.

41. Самойлов М.О. Реакции нейронов мозга на гипоксию. -Л.: Наука. 1985. с.109.

42. Свистов Д. В. Периоперационная транскранияльная допплерография при артериовенозных мальформациях головного мозга. Автореферат дисс. канд. мед. наук.- СПБ., 1993. с. 22.123

43. Тюрин В.П. Инфекционные эндокардиты. Москва. Гэотар-Мед. 2002г.

44. Ферстрате М., Фермилен Ж. Тромбозы. Перевод с англ<- М.: Медицина. -1986.-С.167-177.

45. Шевченко Ю.Л., Михайленко А.А., Кузнецов А.Н., Ерофеев А.А. Кардиохирургическая агрессия* и> головной мозг. Церебральная гемодинамика. 1997. Санкт-Петербург. "Наука". Стр. 34-53

46. Aberg Т. Effect of open-heart surgery on intellectual function // Scand J Thorac. Cardiov. Surg. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 1-63.

47. Aberg Т., Ronquist G., Jyden H., et al. Adverse effects on the brain in cardiac operations, as assessed'by biochemical, psychometric and radiologic methods // J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984. - V.87. - P.99-105.

48. Ahonenf A. Measurement of cerebral circulation by intravenous radionuclide techniques. Oulu, 1988 .- 100 P

49. Alavi A., Hirsch L.J. Studies of central nervous system disorders single photon emission computed tomography: evolution over the past two decades // Semin.Nucl.Med. 1991. - V.21.- P.58-81.

50. A1-Mefty O., Marano G., Rajaraman S., Nugent G.R., Rodman N. Transient ischaemic attacks due to increased platelet aggregation and'' adhesiveness. Ultrastructural and functional correlation // Y.Neurosurg. 1979. - V.50. -P 449-453.

51. Amano T. Meoer JS. Okabe T. et al. Stable Xenon CT cerebral bloodflood measurements computed hy a single-comparrmentdouble integration model in normal aging and dementia . J. Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982. 6. 923-32.

52. Andersen A.R. "mTc-D, L-Hexamethylene-propyleneamine Oxime (99mTc-HMPAO): Basic kinetic studies of a tracer of cerebral blood flow. Cerebro. Brain Metab. Rev. (1989), 1, 288-318.

53. Andersen A.R., Holm S., Vorstrup S. Tomographic brain images using a new technetium-99m ■ labelled oxime Pu26 with excellent brain retention // J.Nucl.Med. 1985. - V.26. - P.827.

54. Andersen A.R., Vostrup S., Paulson O.B. Brain perfusion: regional cerebral blood flow measurements using two- and three -dimensional methods //124

55. Top.Pharm.Sci.: Proc. 47th Int.Congr., Amsterdam, 31 Aug.-4Sept., 1987. -P.221-233.

56. Andersen K., Waaben J., Husum В., et al: Nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass disrupts the flow-metabolism couple in the brain. J. Thorac Cardiovasc. Surg., 1985, V.90, N4. P.570-579.

57. Arnold J.S., Gutstein H., Hsieh F.Y. Risk factors for thromboembolic stroke in elderly patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 63: 366367.

58. Arom K.V., Cohen D.E., Strobl F.T. Effect of intraoperative intervention on neurological outcome based on electroencephalographic monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1989. - Vol. 48, N4. - P. 476483.

59. Baldwin R.M., Lin Т.Н. Development of I-123-labeled amines for brain studies: localisation of 1-123 iodophenyalkyl amines in rat brain // J.Nucl.Med. 1980. - V.21. -P.947-952.

60. Baumgartner C., Zeiler K., Kollegger H., Lind C. Prognosis after transient * ischemic attacks // Versicherungsmedizin. 1991. - Vol. 43 (3). - P. 75-79.

61. Benjamin E., Wolf P., D'Agostino R., et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the • risk of death. The Framingham Heart Study: Circulation 1998; 98: 946-52.

62. Benjamin E.J., D'Agostino R.B., Belanger A.J., Wolf P.A., Levy D. Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1995; 92: 835-841.

63. Blauenstein U.W., Halles J.H., Wilson E.M. et al. Xenonl33 inhalation metods of reproducibility: some of its physiologicae implication, Stroke 1977: 8:99102.

64. Blauth C., Arnold J., Kolmer E.M., Taylor K.M. Retinal microembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass demonstrated by florescent angiography // Lancet. 1986. - Vol. 2, N 8511. - P. 837-839.

65. Blauth C., Arnold J., Schulenberg W. et al. Cerebral microembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1988. - Vol. 95, N4.-P. 668-676.

66. Blauth CI, Smith PL, Arnold JV, et al. Influence of oxygenator type on the prevalence and extent of microembolic retinal ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass: assessment by digital image analysis // J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990. - V.99. - P.61-69.

67. Bloor B.M., Aslid RP., Nugeni G.R., Majzou, H.S. Relationship of cerebrovascular eactivity to degree of extracranial vascular occlusion. Circulation 1966. 33-34. (Suppl 2). 28-34.

68. Boarini DJ, Kassell NF, Olin JJ, Sprowell JA. The effect of intravenousdipyridamole on the cerebral and systematic circulation of the dog. Stroke 1982; 13:842-847.

69. Bode H., Sauer M., Pringsheim W. Diagnosis of brain death with transcranial Doppler // Arch. Dis. Child. 1988. - Vol. 63, N 10. P.1474-1478.

70. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Unilateral watershed cerebral infarcts. Neurology 1986; 36:373-377.

71. Bogousslavsky J., Delaloye-Bischof A., Regli F. Prolonged hypoperfusion and early stroke after transient ischemic attack // Stroke. 1990. - Vol. 21. - P.40-46.

72. Bolsin S.N.C. Detection of neurological damage during cardiopulmonary bypass // Anaesthesia. 1986. - Vol. 41, N1. - P. 61-66.

73. Bose A., Pacia S.B., Fayad P. Cerebral blood flow imaging compared to CT during the initial 24 hours of cerebral infarction // Neurology. 1990. - V.40. -P.190.

74. Bowles B.J., Lee J.D., Dan C.R., et al. Coronary artery bypass performed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with reduced cerebral microemboli and improved clinical results // Chest. 2001. - V.l 19. - P.25-30.

75. Branthwaite M.A. Neurologic damage related to open-heart surgery: A clinical survey // Thorax. 1972. Vol. 27. P. 748.

76. Brennan R.H., Patterson R.N., Kessler J. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass: Evidence of microembolic encephalopathy // Neurology. 1971. - Vol. 21, N7. - P. 655-672.

77. Broderick J.P., Phillips S.J., O'Fallon M., Frye R.L., Whisnant J.P. (1992). Relationship of cardiac disease to stroke occurence, recurrence and mortality. Stroke 23: 1250-6.

78. Bunag RD, Douglas CR, IMai, RM Berne. Influence of a pyrimidopyrimine derivative on deamination of adenosine by blood. Circ Res 1964; 15:8384.49.8.

79. Bunag RD, Douglas CR, IMai, RM Berne. Influence of a pyrimidopyrimine derivative on deamination of adenosine by blood. Circ Res 1964; 15:83-84.

80. Burns A., Philpot M.P., Costa D.C., Ell P.J., Levy R. The investigation of Alzheimer's disease with single photon emission tomography. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. (1989), 52, 248.

81. Bushnell D.L., Gupta S., Micoch A.G. Prediction of language and neurological recovery after cerebral infarction with SPECT inaging using N-isopropyl-(I-123)-p-iodoamphetamine // Arch.Neurol.- 1989. V.46. - P.665-669.

82. Cabin H.S., Clubb S., hall S., Perlmutter R.A., Feinstein A.R. Risk for systematic embolization of atrial fibrillation without mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65: 1112-1116.

83. Calandre L., Molina J.A. Short-term Outcome of Medically treated Patients with Transient Ischemic Attacks.Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficts and Strokes with Minimum Residium // Europ. Neurol. 1985. - V.24.- P.281-285.

84. Carella F., Travaini G., Contri P. et al. Cerebral complications of coronary bypass surgery; a prospective study // Acta Neurol. Scand. 1988. - Vol. 77, N2. - P. 158-163

85. Ceravolo G., Minciotti P., Provinciali L., Sanguinetti C.M. Pathophysiology of the vasomotor reactivity to hypo- and hypercapnea: role of aging and chronic cerebrovascular disorders // Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 1989. - Vol. 65, N10. -P. 989-996.

86. Chaudhuri Т.К., Fink S., Weinberg S. Pathophysiologic consideration in carotid artery imaging: current status and physiologic background // American J. of Physiol Imaging. 1992. - Vol.7. - P. 565-570.

87. Chaudhuri Т.К., Fink S., Weinberg S. Pathophysiologic consideration in carotid artery imaging: current status and physiologic background // American J. of Physiol.Imaging. 1992. - V.7. - P.77-94.

88. Clowes G.H.A., Neville W.E., Hopkins A., et al. Factors contributing to success or failure in the use of pump oxygenator for complete bypass of the heart and lung; experimental and clinical // Surgery. 1954. - V.36.- P.557-579.

89. Connell R.S., Page U.S., Barley T.D. The effect on pulmonary ultrastmcture of Dacron-wool filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1973,-Vol. 15, N3,-P. 117-129

90. Costa D.C., Ell P.J., Cullum I.D., Jarrit P.H. The in vivo distribution of°9mTc-HM-PAO in normal man. Nuc.Med.Comm. (1986), 7, 647-58.

91. Coulshed N., Epstein F.Y., McKendrick C.S., Galloway R.W., Walker E. Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease. Br Heart J. 1970; 32: 26-34.

92. Crow W., Guinto F.C. Limitation of CT in the evaluation of transient ischemic attacks // Tex.Med.J. 1982. - V.78. - P.65-71.

93. D'Ambra M.N., LaRaia P.J., Philbin D.M. et al. Prostaglandin El: A new therapy for refractory right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve replacement// J. Thorac. Cardiov. Surg. 1985. Vol.89. P. 567.

94. D'Addato M., Pedrini L., Stella A.,Pecchi M. Carotid endarterectomy. Pre- and post-operative monitoring with cerebral SPECT // Int. Angiol. 1988. - Vol. 7 (3). -P.234-237.

95. Dahl A., Russell D., Lindegaard K.-F. et al. Vasoreactivity measured with TCD and SPECT // Book of abstr. 2nd Congr. Pan-Europ. Soc. Neurol.: Congr. In the decade of the brain. Vienna, 1991. P. 73.

96. Dahl., Russell D., Nyberg-Hansen R., Rootwelt K. The reproducibility of rCBF and TCD measurements // Congr. in the decade of the brain. Vienna, 1991.P. 135.

97. De Bruine J.F., Van Royen E.A., Vyth A. Thallium-201 diethyldithiocarbamate: an alternative to iodine-123 N-isopropyl-p-, iodoamphetamine//J.Nucl.Med. 1985. - V.26.-P.925-930.

98. De Roo M., Mortelmans L., Devos P., Verbmggen A.Clinical experience with Tc-99m HMPAO high resolution SPECT of the brain in patients with cerebrovascular accidents // Eur.J.Nucl.Med. 1989. - V.15. - P.9-15.

99. Defer G., Moretti J.L., Cesaro P. Early and delayed SPECT using N-isopropil p-iodoamphetamine iodine-123 in cerebral ischemia. Prognostic index for clinical recovery // Arch.Neurol. 1987. - V.44. - P.715-718.

100. Derlon J-M. Metodes d'investigation la perfusion cerebral Neurochirurgie, -1993.-v.39. -P.385-405.

101. Derlon J-M. Metodes d'investigation la perfusion cerebral Neurochirurgie, -1993.-v.39. -P.385-405.

102. Derlon J-M. Metodes d'investigationPowers W.J. Hemodynamics and metabolism in ischemic cereb rovascular disease Neurol. Clin. -1992.-v. 10,- P. 31-48.

103. Durak H., Hazan E., Karabay O., Derebek E., Yilmaz M., Ozbilek E. and Oto O. The effect of cjrjnary artery bypass surgery on brain perfusion.

104. Departaments of nuclear medicine and Cardiovackular Sungery, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.

105. Ehrenhaft J.L., Claman M.A., Layton J.M., Zimmerman G.R. Cerebral complications of open-heart surgery: Further observations // J.Thorac. Cardiov. Surg. 1961. Vol. 42. P. 514-526.

106. Ekberg R., Cronqvist S., Ingvar D.N. Regional cerebral blood flow in cerebrovascular disease // Acta Neurol.Scand. 1965. - V.41 - Suppl.14. -P.164-168.

107. Fayad P.B., Brass L.M. Single photon emission computed tomography in cerebrovascular disease // Stroke.- 1991. V.22. - P.950-954.

108. Fazekas JF. FA. Finnerty. Infuence of age and vascular diacans on cerebral hemodinamic and metabolism. Am J. Med. 1955. 18. 477-86.

109. Ferguson G.G. Intra-operative monitoring and internal shunts: Are they necessary in carotid endarterectomy? // Stroke. 1982. - Vol. 13, N 3. - P. 287289.

110. Fields W.S. Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease: TIA and Cerebral infarction // Jn. Critical Care of Neurologic and Neurosurgical Emergencies.Raven Press.N.J. 1980. -P.39-51.

111. Fieschi C., Argentino C., Lenzi G.L., Sacchetti M.L. Clinical and instrumental evaluation of patients with ischemic stroke within the first six hours // J.Neurol.Psychiatry. 1989. - V.91. - P.311-322.

112. Fieschi C., Argentino C., Lenzi G.L., Sacchetti M.L. Clinical and instrumental evaluation of patients with ischemic stroke within the first six hours // J.Neurol.Psychiatry. 1989. - V.91. - P.311-322.

113. Fieslii C, Agnoli A. Galbo E. Effects of carbon dioxide on cerebral hemodynamics in normal subjects and in cerebrovascular disease studied by carotid injection of radioalbumin. CircRes 1963: 13:436-47.

114. Fox H.M., Risso N.D., Gifford S. Psychological observations of patients undergoing mitral surgery // Psychosomat. Med. 1954. Vol. 16. P. 186-208.

115. Fox L.S., Blackstone E.H., Kirklin J.W. et al. Relationship of brain blood flow and oxygen consumption to perfusion flow rate during profoundly130hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1984. -Vol. 87, N 5. - P.658-664.

116. Furlan A.J., Breuer A.C. Central nervous system complications of open heart surgery // Sroke. 1984. - Vol. 15, N 5. - P. 912-915.

117. Gardner T.J., Horneffer P.J., Manolio T.A., et al. Stroke following coronary artery bypass grafting: a ten-year study // Ann Thorac Surg. 1985. -V.40. - P.574-651.

118. Gemmell H.G., Sharp P.F., Besson J.A.O., et al: Differential diagnosis in dementia using the cerebral blood flow agent "mTc-HM-PAO: A SPECT study // J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987. - V. 11. - P.398-402

119. Gharavi A., Wallerson D., Devereux R.B. Supino P., Suite N.D. Prevalence of anicardio lipid antibody in isolated mitral or aortic regurgitation, or possible relation to cerebral ischemic events. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 70: 901905.

120. Gibbon J.H. Application of a Mechanical Heart and Lung Apparatus to Cardiac Surgery//Minn. Med. 1954. - Vol. 37, N 3. - P. 171-180, 185.

121. Giller C.A. A bedside test for cerebral autoregualtion using transcranial Doppler ultrasound//Acta Neurochir. 1991. - Vol. 108, Fasc. 1-2. - P. 7-14.

122. Gilman S. Cerebral disorders after open-heart operations // New England J. Med. 1965. Vol. 272. P. 489-498.

123. Glass и Harper в 1963 году Glass H.I., Harper A.M. Measurement of regional blood flow in the cerebral cortex of man through the intact skull // Brit.Med.J. 1963,- V.l. - P.193.

124. Gowers W.R. Carotid artery syndrome // Toole J.F., Patel A.N. (ed.). Cerebrovascular disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974. - P. 122-140.

125. Greenhalgh R.M., Rose F.C., eds. Progress in Stroke research 2. London: Pitman Press 1983. -P.197 -204.

126. Grosset DG, Georgiadis D, Abdullah I, Bone I, Less KR. Doppler emboli signals vary according to stroke subtypes. Stroke. 1994a; 25:382-384.

127. Habert M.O., Spampinato U., Mas J. A comparative 99m-Tc-HMPAO SPET study in different types of dementia // EurJ.Nucl.Med. 1991. - V.18.-№.1. -P.3-11.

128. Hall R.A., Fordyce D.J., Lee M.E., et al. Brain SPECT imaging and neuropsychological testing in coronary artery bypass patients // Ann Thorac Surg. 1999. - V.68.-P.2082-2088.

129. Halsey J.H. Prognosis of acute hemiplegia estimated by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography // Stroke. 1988. - Vol. 19, N 5. - P. 648-649.

130. Hammeke T.A., Hastings J.E. Neuropsychologic alterations after cardiac operation // J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988. - V.96. - P.326-331.

131. Hank F.Kung. New Technetium-99m Labelled Brain Perfusion Imaging Agents // Semin.Nucl.Med. 1990.- V.20. - №2. - P.150-158.

132. Harper A.M., Glass H.I. Effect of alterations in the arterial carbon dioxide tension on the blood flow through the cerebral cortex at normal and low arterial blood pressures // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 1965. -Vol.28.- P. 449-452.

133. Harrison M.J.G., Pugsley W. , Newman S. ,et al. Detection of mild cerebral emboli during coronary artery bypass surgery using transcranial doppler sonography // Stroke. 1990. - V.21 - P.1512.

134. Harrison P. В., Wong M.J., Belzberg A., Holden J. Hyperperfiision syndrome after carotid endarterectomy: CT-changes // Neuroradiology. 1991. Vol. 33. P. 106-110.

135. Harrison P.B., Wong M.J., Belzberg A., Holden J. Hyperperfiision syndrome after carotid endarterectomy: CT-changes // Neuroradiology. 1991. Vol. 20. P. 53-58.

136. Harrison P.B., Wong M.J., Belzberg A., Holden J. Hyperperfiision syndrome after carotid endarterectomy: CT-changes // Neuroradiology. 1991. Vol. 20. P. 53-58.

137. Hart R., Halperin J. Atrial fibrillation thromboembolism: a decade of progress in stroke prevention. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 688-95.

138. Hart RIG. (1992). Cardiogenic embolism to the brain. Lancet 339: 58994.

139. Hartmann A. Prolonged disturbances of regional cerebral blood flow in transient ischemic attacks // Stroke.- 1985.- V.16. P.932-939

140. Hauge A., Nicolaysen G., Thoresen M. Acute effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow in man // Acta. Physiol. Scand. 1983,- Vol. 117: 233239.

141. Heamodenamic effects of acetazolamid' in patients with cardiovasculardisorders:Correlation with' cflcolated cerebral perfusion reserve (Nuclear Medicine Communications, 1996,17, 325-330.

142. Heistad DD, Marcus ML, Gourley JK, Busija DW. Effect of adenosine and dipyridamole on cerebral blood flow. Am J Phisiobl981; 240:H775-H780.

143. Hellman R.S., Tikofsky R.S. An overview of the contribution of regional cerebral blood flow studies in cerebrovascular disease. Is there a role for single photon emission computed tomography? // Semin.Nucl.Med.- 1990,- V.20. -P.303-324.

144. Hill T.C., Holman B.L., Lovett R. Initial experience with SPECT of the brain using N-isopropil 1-123 p-iodoamphetamine // J.Nucl.Med.- 1982. -V.23. P.191-195.

145. Hirsch L.J. Studies of central nervous system disoders single photon emission' computed tomography: evolution over the past two decades // Semin.Nucl.Med. -1991. V.21.- P.58-81.

146. Holman B.L., Lee R.G.L., Hill T.C. A comparison of two cerebral perfusion tracers. N-isopropil-I-123 p-iodoamphetamine and 1-123 HLPDM in the human // J.Nucl.Med. 1984. - V.25. - P.25-30.

147. Holman B.L., Turner S.B. Single photon emmision computed tomography (SPECT). Appreications and potential. JAMA. 1990: 263: 561-4.

148. Homma S, Gilliland Y, Guiney ТЕ, Strauss HW, Boucher CA. Safety of intravenous dipyridamole for stress testing with thallium imaging. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:152

149. Hornick P., Smith P.L., Taylor K.M. Cerebral complications after133coronary bypass grafting I I Curr Opin Cardio. 1994. - V.19. - P.670-679.

150. Ingvar D.H. "Hyperfrontal" distribution of the cerebral gray matter flowin resting wakefiillnens; on the functional anatomy of the consious state. Acta Nturol. Scand, 1979. V.60: P:12-25.

151. Itoh H., Iida H., Murakami M. A technique for a rapid imaging of regional CBF and partion coefficient using dynamic SPECT and N-isopropil-p-123I.iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) // Kaku-Igaku. 1993. - V.30.- №.1. -P. 13-23.

152. Javid H., Tufo H.M. Najafi H. et al. Neurologic abnormalities following open-heart-surgery// J.Thorac. Cardiov. Surg. 1969. Vol. 58. P. 502.

153. Javid H., Tufo H.M., Najafi H. et al. Neurological abnormalities following open-heart surgery // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1969. - Vol. 58, N4. - P. 502-509.

154. Jibiki I., Matsuda H., Kido H. Quantitative assessment of regional cerebral blood flow with 123I-IMP in normal adult subjects // Acta.Neurol.Napoli. 1993. - V.15. - №.1. - P.7-15.

155. Johnson K.A., Holman B.L., Mueller S.P., Rosen T.J., English R., Nagel J.S. Growdon J.H. Single photon emission computed tomography in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (1988), 108, 103-109

156. Johnsson P., Messeter K., Ryding E. et al. Cerebral vasoreactivity to carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary perfusion at normothermia and hypothermia // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1989. Vol. 48. P. 769-775.

157. Jorgensen L.G., Schroeder T.V. Transcranial Doppler for detection of cerebral ischaemia during carotid endarterectomy // Eur. J. Vase. Surg. 1992. Vol. 6. P. 142-147.

158. Капо I., Lassen N.L. Two methods for calculating cerebral blood flow from emission computed tomography of inert gas concentrations // J.Comput.Assist.Tomography.-1979. V.3. - №.1. - P.71-76.

159. Kaplan J. A. Cardiac anesthesia. Philadelphia; London; Toronto; Montreal; Sydney; Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company, 1993. 1353 p.

160. Kittner S.J., Sharkinss C.M., Price T.R. et al (1991). Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS Stroke data Bank: historical features. Neurology 40: 281-4.

161. Kolkka R., Hilbennan M. Neurologic dysfunction following cardiac operation with low-flow, low-pressure cardiopulmonary bypass // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1980. - Vol. 79, N 3. - P. 432-437

162. Komfleld D.S., Zimberg S., Malm J.R. Psychiatric complications of open-heart surgery //N Engl J Med. -1965. V.273. - P.287-292.

163. Kuhl D.E., Barrco J.R., Huang S.C. Quantifying local cerebral blood flow with N-isopropyl-p-I-123 iodoamphetamine (IMP) tomography // J.Nucl.Med. 1982. - V.23. - P.196-203.

164. Kuhl D.E., Edvards P.Q. Image separation radioisotope scanning. Radiology, 1963. 30: 653-61.

165. Kuro M. И., Ohsumi H., Takaki 0. et al. Anesthetic management and neurological outcomes of patient for open-heart surgery with infective endocarditis and neurological complications // Masui. 1994. Vol. 43. P. 17371743).

166. Lassen N.A. 133-Xenon tomography of cerebral blood flow in cerebrovascular disease. In: Greenhalgh R.M., Rose F.C., eds. Progress in Stroke research 2. London: Pitman Press 1983. P. 197 -204.

167. Lassen N.A., Henrilcsen L., Holm S. Cerebral blood flow tomography. 133-Xenon compared to isopropyl-amphetamine-iodine -123 // J.Nucl.Med. -1983. V.24.-P.17-21.

168. Laupacis A., Cuddy Т.Е. Prognosis of individuals with atrial fibrillation. Can J Cordial 1996; 12 (suppl A): 14-16.

169. Lee R.G., Hill T.C., Holman B.L. N-isopropyl-(I-123)-p-iodoamphetamine brain scans with single-photon emission tomography:135

170. Discordance with transmission tomography // Radiology. 1982.- V.145. -P.795-799.

171. Leonard J.P., Nowotnik D.P., Neirihckx R.D. Technetium-99m -d, 1 -HMPAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for imaging regional brain perfusion using SPECT a comparison with iodine - 123 HIPDM // J.Nucl.Med. - 1986.-V.27.-N.12.-P.1819-1823.

172. Limburg M., Wijdicks E.F., Li H. Ischemic stroke after surgical procedures: clinical features, neuroimaging, and risk factors // Neurology. -1998. V.50. -P.895-901.

173. Macfarlane R., Moskowitz M.A., Sakas D.E. et al. The role of neuroeffector mechanisms in cerebral hyperperfusion syndromes // J. Neurosurg. 1991. Vol. 75. P. 845-855.

174. Mamo H. Meeric P. Luft J. Hyperfrontal pattern of human cerebral circulation. Arch. Neurol. 1983. 40. 626-32.

175. Manolio T.A., Kuller L.H., Kronmal R.A., Cushman M., Fried L.P., White R., Furberg C.D., Rantaharju P.M. Incidence and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults. Circulation. 1997; 96: 2455-2461.

176. Marti-Fabregas J., Catafau A M., Mari C., et al. Cerebral perfusion and haemodynamics measured by SPET in symptom -free patients with transient ischaemic attack: clinical implications // Eur J Nucl Med. 2001. - V.28.-P.1828-1835.

177. Matsuda H., Tsuji S., Shuke N. A quantitative approach to technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime //Eur.J.Nucl.Med. 1992.- V.19. -№.3.- P.195-200.

178. Matsuda M. Maeda T. et al. Age-matched normal values and topographic maps regional cerebral blood flow measurements by Xe-133 inhalation. Srolce 1984. 15 . 336-42.

179. McCarthy R.J., Spiess B.D., et al. Do calcium channel blockers decrease neurologic deficits after intracardiac operations // Anesth Analg. 1990. -V.70.-P.413.

180. Melamed E. ave S. Bentib S. et al. Reduction in regional cerebral blood flow during normal aging in man. Stroke 1980;11:31-5.

181. Mendolow AD, Graham DI, Tuor Ui, et al. The hemodynamic effects of internal carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. JNeurosurg 1987; 66:755-763.

182. Metz S., Slogoff S. Thiopental sodium by single bolus dose compared to infusion for cerebral protection during cardiopulmonary bypass // J. Clin. Anaesth. 1990. Vol. 2. P. 226-231.

183. Mills N.L., Everson C.T. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta and coronary artery bypass: pathology, clinical'correlates, and operative management//J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. -1991. V.102. - P.546-53.

184. Moore W.S. Surgical significance and management of the ulcerated carotid plaque // Bergan J.J., Yao J.S.T. (ed.). Cerebrovascular insufficiency. -New York: Grune and Stratton, 1983.- P. 199-211.

185. Mountz J.M. A method of analysis of SPECT blood flow image data for comparison with computed tomography // Clin.Nucl.Med. 1989. - V.14. -N.3. - P.192-196.

186. Muller-Wiefel D.E. Die hypetensive Krise im Kindesalter // Wien. klin. Wochen-Schr. 1988. Bd 100. P. 547-555.

187. Muller-Wiefel D.E. Die hypetensive Krise im Kindesalter // Wien. klin. Wochen-Schr. 1988. Bd 100. P. 547-555.

188. Munaka M., Iida H. New quantification of regional cerebral blood flow measurements by 123I-IMP SPECT with the rotating gamma camera theory and validation of the look-up table method // Kaku Igaku. - 1992. - V.29. -№.3. - P.385-389.

189. Murkin J.M., Farrar J.K., Tweed W.A. et al. Cerebral autoregulation and flow/metabolism coupling during cardiopulmonary bypass: The influence of PaC02 // Anesth. Analg. 1987. - Vol. 66, N 9. - P. 825-832

190. Naritomi H, Meyer JS, Sakai F, et al, Effecrs of advabcing age on regional cerebral blood flow, stndiens in normal subjects risk with factors for atherothrombolic stroke, Arch .Neurol. 1979;36:410-6.

191. Neirinckx R.D. Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow with 99mTc-d,l HM-PAO and SPECT //Neurosurg.Rev. 1987. - V.10. - N.3. - P.181-184.

192. Newman M.F., Croughwell N.D., Blumenthal J.A., et al. Predictors of cognitive decline after cardiac operation // Ann Thorac Surg. 1995,- V.59-P.1326-1330.

193. Nickel O., Ulrich P., Naegele-Woehrle B. RCBF-Quantifiction with 99m-Tc -HMPAO SPECT and 195m-Au: Theory and First Results // Nuclear Medicine: New Trends and Possibilities in Nucl. Med. Eur. Nucl. Med. Congr., Budapest, 1988. P.289-293.

194. Nussmeier N.A. Neuropsychiatric complications of cardiac surgery // J. Cardiothorac. Vase. Anaesth. 1994. Vol. 8. P. 13-18.

195. Nussmeier N.A., Arlund C.A., Slogoff S. Neuropsychiatric complications after cardiopulmonary bypass: Cerebral protection by a barbiturate // Anesthesiology. 1986. - Vol. 64, N 2. - P. 165-170.

196. Obrist W.D., Thompson H.K., King C.H., Wang H.S. Determination of rCBF by inhalation of 133-Xenon // Circ.Res.-1967. V.20. - №.1.- P. 124130.

197. Olesen K.H. The natural history of 271 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment. Br Heart J. 1962; 24: 349-357.

198. Padayachee T.S., Parsons S., Theobold R. et al. Th effect of arterial filtration on reduction of.gaseous microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1988. - Vol., N 6. - P. 647-649.

199. Pantamo P. Baron Jc. Lebrun-Grandie P. et al. Regional cerebral bljjd flow and oxygen consumption in human aging, Stroke 1984. 15. 635-41.

200. Pearson D.T., Holden M.P., Poslad S.J. et al. A clinical evaluation of the performance characteristics of one membrane and five bubble oxygenators: gas transfer and gaseous microemboli production // Perfusion. 1986. - Vol. 1, N l.-P. 15-26.

201. Petersen P., Kastrup J., Helweg-Larsen S., Boysen G., Godtfredsen J. Risk for thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation . The Copenhagen AFASAK Study. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150: 819-821

202. Petty G. et al.(2000) photon emission computed tomography: evolution over the past two decades // Semin.Nucl.Med. 1991. - V.21.- P.58-81.

203. Podreka I., Hoell K., Dai-Bianco P. Klinische und technische Aspekte der SPECT-Hirnszintigraphie mit 123-I-N-isopropyl-Amphetamin // Nucl.Compact. 1984. - V.15.-P. 305-314.

204. Powers W.J. Hemodynamics and metabolism in ischemic cerebrovascular disease . Neurol. Clin. ,-1992.-v. 10,- P. 31-48.

205. Powers WJ, Fox PT, Raichie ME. The effects of carotid artery disease on the cerebrovascular response to physiologic stimulation. Neurology 1988; 38:1475-1478.

206. Rango M., Candeline L., Perani D. Cortical pathophysiology and clinical neurologic abnormalities in acute cerebral ischemia. A serial study with photon emission computed tomography // Arch.Neurol. 1989. - V.46. - №.12. -P.1318-1322

207. Ranhosky A, Kempthorne-Rawson J. The Intravenous Dipyridamole Thallium Imaging Study Group. The safety of intravenous dipyridamole thallium myocardial perfusion imaging. Circulation 1990; 81:1205-1209.

208. Rao N.S., Ali Z.A., Omar H.M. Regional cerebral blood flow in acute stroke: preliminary experience with the 133-Xenon inhalation method // Stroke. 1974. - V.5. - P.8-12.

209. Raymond R., Lee A., Messineo F., et al. Cardiac performance early after cardioversion from atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 1998; 136: 435-442.139

210. Ringelstein E.B., Sievers С., Ecker S, et al. Noninvasive assessment of CCVinduced cerebral vasomotor response in normal individuals and patients with internal carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 1988; 19:963-9.

211. Roach G.W., Kanchuger M., Mora-Mangano C., et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery // N Eng J Med. 1996. - V.335. -P.1857-1863.

212. Roman G.C. Senile Dementia of the Binswanger Type. A vascular Form of Dementia in the Elderly // J.Amer.Med.Ass. 1987. - V.258. - №.13. -P.1782-1788.

213. Savageau J. A., Stanton B.A., Jenkins C.D., Klein M.D. Neuropsychological dysfunction following elective cardiac operation. 1. Early assessment//J.Thorac. Cardiov. Surg. 1982. Vol. 84. P. 585-594.

214. Savageau JA, Stanton В A, Jenkins CD. Frater RWM. Neuropsychological dysfunction following elective cardiac operation II. A six-month reassessment // J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982. - V.84. - P.595-600.

215. Savageau JA, Stanton В A, Jenkins CD. Frater RWM. Neuropsychological dysfunction following elective cardiac operation II. A six-month reassessment // J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982. - V.84. - P.595-600.

216. Schlosser V., Hetzel A. Simultane Carotis TEA und ACVB: Wann indiziert? Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Ii Verh Dtsch Ges Forsch Chir. 1990. S. 571-575.

217. Sclmeider P.A., Rossman M.E., Torem S. et al. Transcranial Doppler in the management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease: implication in diagnosis and monitoring // J. Vase. Surg. - 1988. - Vol. 7, N 2. - P. 223-231.

218. Seiderer M., Krappel W., Moser E., Halm D. Detection and quantification of chronic cerebrovascular disease: Comparison of MR imaging, SPECT and CT //Radiology. 1989. - V.170. - P.545-548.

219. Sellman M., Hindmarsh T, Ivert T, Semb BK. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after open heart operations // Ann Thorac Surg.- 1992. V.53. - P.807-812.

220. Sharp P.F., Smith F.W., Gemmell H.G., et al: Techne-tium-99m HMPAO stereoisomers as potential agents for imaging regional cerebral blood flow: Human volunteer studies // JNucl Med. 1986. - V.27. - P. 171-177.

221. Shaw P.J. The neurological seguelae of cardiopulmonary bypass. TheNewcastle experience// Cardiac sungery and the brain. London etc., 1993. P. 24-33.

222. Shaw P.J., Baters D., Cartlidge N.E.F., et al. Long-term intellectual dysfunction following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a six month follow-up study // Q J Med. 1987. - V.62. - P.259-268.

223. Shaw P.J., Bates D., Cartlidge N.E.F. et al. Early intellectual dysfunction following coronary bypass surgery// Quart.J.Med. 1986. Vol. 225. P. 59-68.

224. Shaw P.J., Bates D., Cartlidge N.E.F. et al. Natural history of neurological complications of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A six month follow-up study. //Brit. Med. J. 1986. Vol. 293.P. 165-167.

225. Shaw P. J., Bates D., Cartlidge NEF, et al. Neurologic and neuropsychological morbidity following major surgery: Comparion of coronary artery bypass and peripheral vascular surgery // BMJ.- 1985. V.291.- P.1384-1387.

226. Shigemori M., Kikuchi M., Tokumi T. et al. Significance of monitoring with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in severe head injury // Book of abstr. 9th Europ. Congr. Neurosurg. Moscow, 1991. - P. 564-564

227. Shimada S. A 13-year follow-up study of rheumatic valvular diseases. Jpn С ire J. 1986; 50: 1304-1308.

228. Shiroyama Y., Nagamitsu Т., Yamashita K. et al. An examination of change in blood flow in the brainstem of rats under various grades of ischemia //No Shinkei Geka. 1991. Vol. 19. P. 407-413.

229. Shiroyama Y., Nagamitsu Т., Yamashita K. et al. An examination of change in blood flow in the brainstem of rats under various grades of ischemia //No Shinkei Geka. 1991. Vol. 19. P. 407-413.

230. Slade W.R, Maayan M.N. SPECT and cerebrovascularaccidents. Angiology

231. Sliwka U, Georgiadis D. Clinical correlations of Doppler microembolic signals in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Analysis of 580 cases. Stroke. 1998; 29: 140-143.

232. Slogoff S., Girgis K.Z., Keats A.S. Etiologic factors in neuropsychiatric complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass // Anesth. Analg. -1982.-Vol. 61, N11.-P. 903-911.

233. Smith P.L. Interventions to reduce cerebral injury/ An introduction // Cardiac surgery and the brain. London etc., 1993. P.191-196.

234. Sotaniemi K.A. Brain damage and neurological outcome after open-heart surgery // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 1980. Vol. 43. P. 127-135.

235. Sotaniemi K.A. Long-term neurologic outcome after cardiac operation // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1995. Vol. 59. P. 1336-1339.

236. Sotaniemi K.A. Long-term neurologic outcome after cardiac operation, in Murkin J.M. (ed): Proceeding, Conference on Cardiopulmonary Bypass . CNS Dysfunction after cardiac surgery: Defining the problem. // Ann Thorac Surg. 1995. - V.59. - P.1296-1299.

237. Sotaniemi K.A., Juolasmaa A., Hokkanen Т.Е. Neuropsychologic outcome after open-heart surgery // Arch.Neurol. 1981. Vol. 38. P.2-8.

238. Sotaniemi K.A., Mononen H., Hokkanen Т.Е. Long-term cerebral outcome after open-heart surgery: a five year neuropsychological follow-up study // Stroke. 1986. - Vol. 17, N 3. - P. 410-416.

239. Sotaniemy и соавт., Padayachee T.S., Parsons S., Theobold R. et al. Th effect of arterial filtration on reduction of.gaseous microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1988. -Vol., N 6. - P. 647-64.

240. Spreafico G., Cammelli F., Gadola G. Initial experience with SPECT of the brain using 99mTc-hexamethyl propilene amine oxime (99mTc-HM-PAO)//Eur.J.Nucl.Med. - 1987. - V.12 - №.11. - P.557-559.

241. Stefan H., Kuhnen C., Biersack H.J. Initial experience with 99m-Tc-hexamethyl-propilene amine oxime (HM-PAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with focal epilepsy // Epilepsy.Res. 1987. - V.I.- №.2. - P.134-138.

242. Strandgaard S. Autoregulation of cerebral circulation in hypertension // Acta. Neurol. Scand. 1978. - Vol. 57 (suppl. 66). - P. 1-82.

243. Stromberg D.D. Fox JR. Pressrc in the arterial microcirculation of cat during changes in systemic arterial blood pressure. Circ. Rec. 1972. 31. 22939.

244. Sweeney P.J., Breuer A.C., Selhorst J.B. et al. Ischaemic optic neuropathy: A complication of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery // Neurology. 1982. Vol. 32. P. 560-562

245. Tachibana H. Meyer JC. Okayasu H. et al. Xenon contrastCT- CBF scanning of the differentiates normal age-related charges from multinfarc t dementia and of Alzheimer type. J. Geronol 1984. 39 415-23.

246. Takagi Y., Hata Т., Ishitobi K., Kitagawa Y. Cerebral blood flow and CO2 reactivity before and after carotid endarterectomy. Acta Neurol Scand 1979; 60 (Suppl 72):506-7.

247. Taylor C.A. Surgical hypothermia // Pharmacol. Ther. 1988. Vol. 38, N 2. - P. 169-200.

248. Taylor K.M. Editorial: Brain damage during open-heart surgery // Thorax. 1982. Vol.37. P. 873-876.

249. Taylor K.M. Editorial: Brain damage during open-heart surgery // Thorax. 1982. Vol.37. P. 873-876.

250. Teuteur P., Reivich M., Goldberg M.I., et al. Transient responses of cerebral flow and ventilation to changes in РаСОг in normal subjects and patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1976; 7:584-90.

251. Thiel A., Russ A., Zeiler D. et al. Transcranial Doppler sonography and somatosensory evoked potentials monitoring in carotid surgery // Eur. J. Vase. Surg. 1990. Vol. 4, N 6. P. 597-602.

252. Tolonen U., Alionen A., Kallantranta T. Evaluation of cerebral infarctions of the carotid area by an intravenous 133-Xenon and 99m-Technetium method // Acta Neurol. Scand. 1980. - V.61.- P.137-145.

253. Tolonen U., Sulg I.A. Comparison of quantitative EEG parameters from four different analysis techniques in evaluation of relationships between EEG and CBF in brain infarction // Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1981. Vol.51. P. 177-185.

254. Tsuda Y., Hartmann A., Biersack H.J. Semiquantifying regional blood flow by 1231- amphetamine (IMP) SPECT in cerebrovascular disorders: correlations with CBF indices by 133Xe inhalation method // Eur.J.Nucl.Med. 1988. - V.14.- N. 11.-P.546-541.

255. Tsuruda J.S., Saloner D., Anderson Ch. Noninvasive evaluation of cerebral ischemia: trends for the 1990-s // Circulation. 1991. - V.83. - №.2. -P.176-189.

256. Tufo H.M., Ostfeld A.M., Shekelle R. Central nervous system dysfunction following open-heart surgery // J. Amet. Med Assoc. 1970. Vol. 25. P. 1333-1370.

257. Tuman K.J., McCarthy R.J., Spiess B.D., et al. Do calcium channel blockers decrease neurologic deficits after intracardiac operations // Anesth Analg. 1990. - V.70.-P.413.

258. Ueda Т., Kinoshita K., Watanabe K. Local cerebral blood flow measurement by SPECT using 123I-IMP in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease // Neurol.Med.Chir.Tokyo. 1986. - V.26. - №.8. -P.601-607.

259. Van Swieten G (1754). Of the Apoplexy, Palsy and Epilepsy -Commenting upon the Aphorisms of Dr. Herman Boerhaave. London: J & P Knapton.

260. Vang D.C., Huang M., Girdis G. Cerebral and myocardial perfusion imaging with 99 m-Tc-HMPAO an initial report // Eur.J.Nucl.Med. - 1991. -V.18. - №.8. - P.617-620.

261. Venn G.E. Cerebral monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass: A predictor of postoperative cerebral outcome// Cardiac surgery and the brain. London etc., 1993. P. 143-149.

262. Verbruggen A.M. Radiopharmaceuticals: state of art // Eur.J.Nucl.Med. -1990. V.17. -P.346-364.

263. Von Reuteni G., Hetzel A., Birnbaum D., Schlosser V. Transcranial doppler ultrasonography during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with severe carotid stenosis or occlusion // Stroke. 1988. Vol. 19. P. 674-680.

264. Vorstrup S. Tomographic cerebral blood flow measurements in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and evaluation of the vasodilatory capacity by the acetazolamide test. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 114 (suppl):l-48.

265. Warren B.A., Philp R.B., Inwood M.J. The ultrastructural morphology of air embolism: Platelet adhesion to the interface and endothelial damage // Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 1973. - Vol. 54, N 2. - P. 163-172.

266. Wbster M.W., Makaroun M.S., Steed D.L. et al. Compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity in a predictor of stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusive disease // J. Vase. Surg. 1995. - VI. 21. - P. 338-345.

267. Weder В., Oettli R., Bekier A. The contribution of single-photon emission-computed tomography in cerebral function diagnosis // Schweiz.Med.Wochenschr. 1990. - V.120.- N 48.-P.1791-1800.

268. West JW, Bellet S, Mangoli UC, Miller OF. Effects of Persantine (RA8), a new coronary vasodilator on coronary blood flow and dipyridamole for stress testing with thallium imaging. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:152-154.

269. Wickey G.S., Hickey P.R, Brain protection during cardiac surgery. Hensley F.A., Martin D.N. (eds) The practice of cardiac anesthesia. Boston; Toronto; London: Little-Brown, 1990. - P. 710-727.

270. Wilmshurst P.T., Stevenson R.N., Griffiths H., Lord J.R. A case-control investigation of the relation between hyperlipidaemia and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Heart. 1997; 78: 475-479.

271. Winchell H.S., Baldwin R.M., Lin Т.Н. Development of I-123-labeled amines for brain studies: localisation of 1-123 iodophenyalkyl amines in rat brain // J.Nucl.Med. 1980. - V.21. - P.947-952.

272. Wolf P., Abbott R., Kannal W. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991; 82: 983-8.

273. Yeh S.H., Liu R.S., Ни H.H. Brain SPECT imaging with 99m-Tc-hexamethyl-propilene amine oxime in arly detection of cerebral infarction: comparison with transmission computed tomography // Nucl.Med.Commun. -1986. V.7.- №.12. - P.873-878.

274. Yonas H., Pindzola R.R. Physiological determination of cerebrovascular reserves and its use in clinical management // Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev.-1994.-Vol. 6,-P. 325-340.

275. Young W.L., Prohovnik I., Schroeder T. Intraoperative 133-Xe cerebral blood flow measurments by intravenous vs intracarotid methods // Anesthesiology. 1990. - V.73. - №.4. - P.637-643.

276. Yudd AP, Van Heertum RLV, Masdeu JC. Interventions and functional brain imaging. SeminNuclMed 1991; 19:153-158.

277. Zurbmgg H.R., Muhlemann W., Althaus U. Risikofaktoren fur neurologische Komplikationen bei der Chirurgie des aortokoronaren Bypass// Helv. chir. acta. 1990. Vol. 57. P. 255-259.